The American epidemic of obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The American scourge of corpulence - Essay Example This article The American plague of corpulence traces the peril of weight, its outcomes and suggestions how to forestall it. The nonattendance of steady strategies in key areas, for example, wellbeing, agribusiness, transport, urban arranging, condition, food preparing and dispersion, advertising and training is likewise a reason for this change. For a companion who is overweight, I would prompt that they change their way of life. They should chop down their admission of ordinary soft drink as it is high in sugar and consequently calories. Diet pop, elective most wellbeing cognizant soft drink buyers pick is likewise answered to contain some counterfeit sugars that have been connected to medical problems, for example, malignant growth and should, in this manner, be stayed away from. I would advocate that they accept new natural product squeezes as they are a lot of lower in calories and have no added substances. They ought to likewise decrease their admission of quick nourishments as quick nourishments are high in calories and fat subsequently adding to overweight and weight. Admission of greens and natural products just as vegetables, entire grains and nuts ought to be expanded as they are low in calories and fat. It would be significant for the companion to improve her physical action and make her eating routine more benefi cial so as to guarantee that her wellbeing isn't in danger. This is on the grounds that corpulence and overweight lead to cardiovascular issues, for example, coronary illness and stroke. When there's a lot of fat in the body, it might obstruct veins prompting an ascent better than average in circulatory strain and may bring about a stroke.

Enhancing Employability Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Improving Employability - Term Paper Example The conceivable impact of IT in business creation is both immediate just as backhanded. Legitimately, IT area can make new business openings and in a roundabout way, the usage of IT by different ventures help to develop the collection of administrations and subsequently motivate the advancement of IT segment. Its backhanded impact is a lot greater contrasted with direct impact. In the USA, it is normal that for every work produced in the IT business, in any event ten further IT-situated work can be created in different enterprises where IT has been actualized. In spite of the fact that the utilization of IT destroys certain particular work concentrated vocations, it can create unmistakably greater business openings. A few organizations, for example, PC preparing, innovative work among others are legitimately related with IT industry (Jacobs, 2008). As indicated by an investigation of National Research Council of the USA, it had been discovered that IT inspiringly affects the advancement of administration industry. The quickest developing parts of administration industry, for example, training, monetary administrations, wellbeing administrations and protection divisions among others are extended with the assistance of adjustment of IT. IT gives benefits towards age of work and upgrades expertise level. A few confirmations determine that IT bolsters towards the improvement of work and generally speaking aptitude headway in the workstation (Jacobs, 2008). The exploration for IT business will be directed based on optional information and essential information. The principle focal point of this exploration will be to comprehend the state of the IT business in the USA and to break down the independent work opportunity in this division. So as to direct the examination, right off the bat, data seeing IT segment patterns, for example, PC deals and incomes in the USA will be gathered, the quantity of work produced by the IT segment will be broke down and at last the information will be sectioned for making a productive finding of the exploration. These information will assist with understanding the state of the IT part and its possibilities for work for graduates or independent work.

22 James Baldwin Quotes on Life, Literature, and Prejudice

22 James Baldwin Quotes on Life, Literature, and Prejudice “You think your pain and your heartbreak are unprecedented in the history of the world, but then you read,” James Baldwin said in 1963 in an interview for LIFE Magazine. There are so many perfect James Baldwin quotes about everything from writing to America that it was difficult to fit them into one post. The American novelist, social critic, and essayist wrote about race, homosexuality, writing, history, and more in his non-fictionâ€"his most famous works including essay collection Notes of a Native Son and long essay and letter to his nephew, The Fire Next Time. Baldwin fictionalized the lives of gay and bisexual African American men in his novels and plays such as Go Tell It On the Mountain and Giovanni’s Room, as well as exploring the urban life of Black Americans in Another Country.   Baldwin lived most of his life after the age of 24 in Paris, disillusioned by American racism and homophobia and hoping to write outside of what seemed like a limiting African-American context. He is one of America’s most important exile writers, and one of its most thoughtful critics.   ON MUSIC “All I know about music is that not many people ever really hear it. And even then, on the rare occasions when something opens within, and the music enters, what we mainly hear, or hear corroborated, are personal, private, vanishing evocations. But the man who creates the music is hearing something else, is dealing with the roar rising from the void and imposing order on it as it hits the air. What is evoked in him, then, is of another order, more terrible because it has no words, and triumphant, too, for that same reason. And his triumph, when he triumphs, is ours.” â€"from  Sonny’s Blues  (1957) ON LIFE “To be sensual, I think, is to respect and rejoice in the force of life, of life itself, and to be present in all that one does, from the effort of loving to the making of bread.”  â€"from  The Fire Next Time (1963) ON LOVE “Love does not begin and end the way we seem to think it does. Love is a battle, love is a war; love is a growing up.”  â€"from  Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son (1961) “Love takes off masks that we fear we cannot live without and know we cannot live within.”  â€"from  The Fire Next Time  (1963) “People cant, unhappily, invent their mooring posts, their lovers and their friends, anymore than they can invent their parents. Life gives these and also takes them away and the great difficulty is to say Yes to life.” â€"from  Giovanni’s Room  (1956) “Everybody’s journey is individual. If you fall in love with a boy, you fall in love with a boy. The fact that many Americans consider it a disease says more about them than it does about homosexuality.” â€"from  Conversations with James Baldwin  (1989) ON PREJUDICE “People who treat other people as less than human must not be surprised when the bread they have cast on the waters comes floating back to them, poisoned.” â€"from  No Name in the Street (1972) “I imagine one of the reasons people cling to their hates so stubbornly is because they sense, once hate is gone, they will be forced to deal with pain.” â€"from  Notes of a Native Son  (1955) “I know what the world has done to my brother and how narrowly he has survived it. And I know, which is much worse, and this is the crime of which I accuse my country and my countrymen, and for which neither I nor time nor history will ever forgive them, that they have destroyed and are destroying hundreds of thousands of lives and do not know it and do not want to know it. One can be, indeed one must strive to become, tough and philosophical concerning destruction and death, for this is what most of mankind has been best at since we have heard of man. (But remember: most of mankind is not all of mankind.) But it is not permissible that the authors of devastation should also be innocent. It is the innocence which constitutes the crime.” â€"from  The Fire Next Time  (1963) “There are so many ways of being despicable it quite makes one’s head spin. But the way to be really despicable is to be contemptuous of other people’s pain.” â€"from  Giovanni’s Room  (1956) ON AMERICA “Well, if one really wishes to know how justice is administered in a country, one does not question the policemen, the lawyers, the judges, or the protected members of the middle class. One goes to the unprotectedâ€"those, precisely, who need the laws protection most!â€"and listens to their testimony. Ask any Mexican, any Puerto Rican, any black man, any poor personâ€"ask the wretched how they fare in the halls of justice, and then you will know, not whether or not the country is just, but whether or not it has any love for justice, or any concept of it. It is certain, in any case, that ignorance, allied with power, is the most ferocious enemy justice can have.” â€"from  No Name in the Street (1972) “I love America more than any other country in the world, and, exactly for this reason, I insist on the right to criticize her perpetually. I think all theories are suspect, that the finest principles may have to be modified, or may even be pulverized by the demands of life, and that one must find, therefore, ones own moral center and move through the world hoping that this center will guide one aright.” â€"from  Notes of a Native Son  (1955) “What one does realize is that when you try to stand up and look the world in the face like you had a right to be here, without knowing that this is the result of it, you have attacked the entire power structure of the Western world.”  â€"from a 1969 talk in London ON HISTORY “To accept one’s pastâ€"one’s historyâ€"is not the same thing as drowning in it; it is learning how to use it. An invented past can never be used; it cracks and crumbles under the pressures of life like clay in a season of drought.” â€"from  The Fire Next Time (1963) “Precisely at the point when you begin to develop a conscience, you must find yourself at war with your society.” â€"from “A Talk for Teachers,” 1963 ON POVERTY “Anyone who has struggled with poverty knows how extremely expensive it is to be poor.” â€"from  Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son (1961) ON CHANGE “Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.”  â€"from  The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings  (2010) ON RELIGION “If the concept of God has any validity or any use, it can only be to make us larger, freer, and more loving. If God cannot do this, then it is time we got rid of Him.”  â€"from  The Fire Next Time (1963) ON WRITING “I consider that I have many responsibilities, but none greater than this: to last, as Hemingway says, and get my work done.”  â€"from  Notes of a Native Son  (1955) “One writes out of one thing onlyâ€"ones own experience. Everything depends on how relentlessly one forces from this experience the last drop, sweet or bitter, it can possibly give. This is the only real concern of the artist, to recreate out of the disorder of life that order which is art.” â€"from  Notes of a Native Son  (1955) ON BOOKS “You read something which you thought only happened to you, and you discover that it happened 100 years ago to Dostoyevsky. This is a very great liberation for the suffering, struggling person, who always thinks that he is alone. This is why art is important. Art would not be important if life were not important, and life is important.”  â€"from “An interview with James Baldwin” (1961)

Laughter Improves Health Essay example - 2974 Words

Laughter is an essential human phenomenon. Smiling in response to pleasant physical conditions occurs in early development, usually in the first month of life. As a motor reflex, laughter is usually present by the time a child is 4 months old. By the age of eighteen months, a child smiles once every six minutes, and by four years of age, the rate increases to one smile every one and one-third minutes. The ratio of laughs to smiles increases from one laugh to every ten smiles as eighteen months to one every three smile at four years. The individual differences in the rate of both laughing and smiling become greater as the children grow older. (Stearns, 1972) The instinctual development of smiling and laughing occurs very†¦show more content†¦The causes of laughter can be divided into three main groups. One manifestation is laughter as a reflex, such as due to ticking. Another is as a psychosomatic response prompted by a specific stimulus. This is an informative st imulus such as a word, sentence, gesture, action, recollection, situation, etc. This requires the involvement of perception, learning, and memory. This reaction may or may not be terminated voluntarily. The third is again a psychosomatic response, but is differentiated because it is not caused by an adequate informative stimulus and can be terminated voluntarily. Within this categorization, there are different types of laughter: mirthful laughter, pathological laughter, etc. Mirthful laughter, a lesser studied, but highly interesting type will be the focus of this discussion. A commonly held belief is that mirthful laughter and humor result in positive physical, psychological, and social fitness. With such a expansive area of influence, it is difficult to understand how such laughter influences the body. Laughter in healing Studies of the physiology of mirthful laughter, scientifically known as gelotology, are a fairly recent phenomenon. Descriptions of convalescence through positive emotional states have renewed interest in the healing potential of mirthful laughter. Norman Cousins accounts of the therapeutic effects of laughter during his treatment and recovery from ankylosing spondylitisShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech1183 Words   |  5 PagesSpeech Title: Laughter is the best medicine. Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the benefits of laughter. Central Idea/ Thesis statement: There are several benefits of laughter in terms of physical, mental and social. Introduction 1. Attention Material How we can improve our health without having a drug or doing an exercise every day? While it hears seem impossible, Id like to let all of you know about this fact. Based on your knowledge, what is laughter? AccordingRead MoreBackground: Humor, Laughter And Play Have Been Therapeutic1162 Words   |  5 PagesBackground: Humor, laughter and play have been therapeutic interventions used on pediatric patients for many years. More recently, the use of humor has shown to improve adult patient, outcomes as well. Humor therapy is a complimentary intervention that is used either with or in place of traditional medicine. Benefits of therapeutic humor include biological, and psychological. Humor therapy has also shown to improve nurse-patient relationships and communication. Purpose: The purpose of this studyRead MoreLaughter Is An Essential Part Of Life1370 Words   |  6 Pagesscience and art dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease† (â€Å"Medicine†). The definition of â€Å"medicine† creates a large gray area in which many items can fall into this category. Therefore, laughing falls into this category as a medicine. Laughter is an essential part of life and has been linked to promote a healthy state of mind and a healthier physical state in humans. What exactly is laughter? Laughter is the body s physiological response to thingsRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Laughter Therapy890 Words   |  4 PagesLaughter Therapy: A Potential Cure to Stressful Living There is an increasing interest in the use of alternative therapy methods compared to those that are more traditional. Various studies have been conducted on laughter and its effects on human health and emotions. Laughter therapy, also known as humor therapy, is one form of therapy that has recently grown in the media and the medical world has even introduced it into some treatment programs. It does not require any specialized preparations andRead MoreLaughter Is the Best Medicine730 Words   |  3 PagesINFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE Topic: Is Laughter Truly the Best Medicine? General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience three main reasons on ï » ¿how can laughter be the best medicine for human ï » ¿ being - physical Health Benefits Thesis statement:  Laughter help trigger the release of endorphins, protect us against heart attack, and relaxes our muscles. Introduction:   Laughter is a great thing, thats why weve all heard the saying, Laughter is the best medicine. There is strongRead MoreBenefits Of Laughter As Medicine1483 Words   |  6 PagesUsing Laughter as Medicine There are thousands of medicines ranging from the modern medicines to those medicines that are not necessarily commonplace, hence the name alternative medicine. The question arises around the idea of what exactly â€Å"medicine† is. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines medicine as â€Å"the science that deals with preventing, curing, and treating diseases†. So with this vague definition what should be considered medicine? I say that laughter is definitely a medicine because ofRead MoreLaughter Is the Best Medicine1282 Words   |  6 PagesLaughter IS The Best Medicine Post written by Dayne. Follow him on Twitter. 20 Happy Comments Be Proud. Laugh Out Loud. Have you laughed lately? If not, get out of your serious self and loosen up. Laughter is a powerful tool for combating stress and conflict.   It can dissipate anger, sadness and other negative emotions.   In addition to making you feel good, laughter can improve your health and make your relationships with others closer and stronger.   There are a wide variety of benefits toRead MoreHumor, Humor And Laughter1607 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The term humor can refer to a stimulus, which is intended to produce a humorous response (such as a humorous video), a mental process (perception of amusing incongruities) or a response (laughter, exhilaration).† (11) Laughter is the most common reaction to humor. (11) Both humor and laughter can be valuable assets in the medical field. Medical staff can use humor to make unpleasant routines easier for the patient, to form a positive relationship with the patient, (1) and to gain cooperation inRead MoreWhat is Laughter Yoga?923 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is laughter yoga? Laughing for no reason is the crucial foundation of the laughter yoga. It helps the individual develop a feeling of childlike playfulness, release the stress, enhance immune system, and induce positive thoughts and feelings. Dr. Madan Kataria, the founder of laughter yoga claimed that our body cannot distinguish between the genuine and fake laughter. Hence, though the individual simply laughing without any humors or funny pictures through the unique laughter exercises, theRead MoreUsing Laughter as Medicine696 Words   |  3 PagesUsing Laughter as Medicine The saying â€Å"laughter is the best medicine† is one that many people know. But is this actually true? Can laughter be used as a form of curing the body? With three out of four adults claiming to laugh four or more times a day (Polaroid Corp, 2004) it is something that is obviously easy to do, and of which the answer to the time old question of whether or not it is the best medicine, might surprise many skeptics out there. To laugh is defined as: â€Å"to express certain

alcohol and advertising Essay - 627 Words

Alcohol and Advertising Throughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about alcohol advertising. Does advertising influence alcohol consumption? Does it has an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? How is advertising affecting us? The goal of this essay is to collect evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that would address the question of whether advertising affects in any measurable manner alcohol consumption and mortality from alcoholism and alcohol related disease. The alcohol and advertising industries argue that as alcoholic drink is a legal product it should be legally possible for it to be advertised, and that bans on alcohol advertising would have adverse effects on the†¦show more content†¦These studies keep coming and find nothing because they set themselves up to find nothing. ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Abramson 1) Saffer research ¡K ¡K Much of the debate concerns the possible effects on children and young people. The Advertising Codes prohibit the specific targeting of minors, but the ubiquity of alcohol advertising ensures that it can hardly be missed by them. Indeed, the evidence is that even young children are aware of alcohol advertisements and tend to remember them. (Mackiln 251-252)  ¡Ã‚ §The American Academy of Pediatrics ¡Ã‚ ¨ shows a recent study of the impact of television on children and teenagers: „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;American children view over 23 hours of television per week. „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Teenagers view an average of 21 to 22 hours of television per week. „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By the time todays children reach age 70, they will have spent to 10 years of their lives watching television.  ¡Ã‚ §The American Academy of Pediatrics ¡Ã‚ ¨ states that television advertising influence education and conduct of children and adolescents. They believe that  ¡Ã‚ §time spent watching TV could be better spent on constructive activities. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Some other statistics that are shown are: „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;American children have viewed an estimated 360,000 advertisements on television before graduating from high school. „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;America children view nearly 2,000 beer and wineShow MoreRelatedOverview of Alcohol Advertising Essay2476 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In terms of business, advertising is a type of marketing communication that is used to encourage, persuade or manipulate groups of people to take some action or continue with the actions that they were taking (Percy, 2008, p. 82). In majority of cases, the outcome that is sought to influence the actions of the customer in terms of profitable contribution even though other forms are also popular (Hansen and Christensen, 2007, p. 82). This particular type of work is in a category thatRead MoreStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers3305 Words   |  14 PagesStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers 1. Gender Messages in Alcohol Advertising Stereotypes refer to standardize and simplified conception of groups, based on some prior assumptions. For example, a girl might not choose to be an engineer as most of the people have set their minds that the profession is always a guy. This is what we call stereotyping. But, who says a girl cannot be an engineer? According to the Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, NinthRead MoreAlcohol Advertising: the Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesLinzay Workman Advanced Composition Rose Bunch Paper 3: Literature Review Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? The question, Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking? seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversialRead More Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay example1079 Words   |  5 Pages Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The question, â€Å"Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking?† seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversial with several factors weighing in such as religionRead MoreWhy Advertising Alcohol Is Destroying Public Well Being1897 Words   |  8 PagesVanwormer C.P. Reading Writing 6 May 2016 Why Advertising Alcohol Is Destroying Public Well-Being When I was nine years old, I remember seeing the most delectable, mouthwatering commercial on television. It was for beer. Growing up in a family that did not drink, I never thought beer could look so appetizing. The beverage was everywhere I looked—except for in my own fridge. Not only adults, but kids and teens everywhere are being bombarded with alcohol advertisements. Many of these youths choose toRead MoreAlcohol Advertising Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their productsRead MoreAlcohol Advertising Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol Advertising Millions of Americans suffers from the effects of alcohol and drug abuse. It can shatter lives, brake families, and to rob people of their dreams for the future. Once alcoholism or drug addiction begins, an individuals problems not only dont go away, but their mental well being as well as physical ability continues to diminish from the immediate and long-term adverse effects from the drugs and alcohol abuse. Is it really true that advertising increases alcohol consumptionRead MoreEssay on Alcohol Advertising1655 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their productsRead MoreEthics in Alcohol Advertising3960 Words   |  16 Pagesbeyond the mere provision of information about a product may seek to manipulate our values and behavior. The aim of this literature is to evaluate the ethical aspects of marketing particularly alcohol marketing. To find out how advertisements manipulate people, the likelihood between the awareness of alcohol marketing and influence on young people drinking behaviour and what is government doing to resolve this issue. Ethics Ethics often is a frustrating subject. This is not because people are resistantRead MoreAlcohol Marketing and Advertising25059 Words   |  101 PagesAlcohol Marketing and Advertising A Report to Congress September 2003 Federal Trade Commission, 2003 Timothy J. Muris Chairman Mozelle W. Thompson Commissioner Orson Swindle Commissioner Thomas B. Leary Commissioner Pamela Jones Harbour Commissioner Report Contributors Janet M. Evans, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Jill F. Dash, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Neil Blickman, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of

Leaf Water Repellency Free Essays

Cloud forests are characterized by photosynthetic capacity which may be increased by reduced water retention of the leaf. The reason is that carbon dioxide diffuse air faster than water. The article â€Å"Leaf Water Repellency as an Adaptation to Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Environment† by Curtis D. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaf Water Repellency or any similar topic only for you Order Now Holder examines lead water repellency in three ecosystems of Guatemala: a tropical dry forest, tropical montane cloud forest and temperate foothills-grassland zone. The author’s hypothesis that cloud forest zones are characterized by higher leaf water repellency failed to be proved as leaf water repellency appeared to be higher in tropical dry forests and temperate foothills- grassland zone. Water repellency is defined as adaptation on the surface of the leaf in habitants which are constantly subjected to daily precipitations during the period of active growth. Holder assumes that leaf water repellency is lower in open-meadow habitants than in dry forest habitants simply because dew formations are occurring faster. Moreover, water repellency of any leaf is driven, primarily, by physiological factors. In wet zones the plants are claimed to be selected due to their water shedding abilities as they have to able to defend their stomatal pores and to enhance photosynthesis abilities after fog interception. Decrease in water repellency may result in increased disease rates, although it doesn’t affect selective traits. Holder argues that it is natural selection that predetermined water repellency on leaf surface in cloud forest zones. Fog droplets negatively affect water repellency as they prevent gas exchange in plants. In such a way, photosynthetic carbon exchange is prevented by fog droplets as carbon dioxide diffuse air faster than water. Leaves with high water repellency minimize the leaf surface and promote the beading of water assisting gas exchange processes. In cloud forest zones, high leaf water repellency increase photosynthesis efficiency. Holder stresses that leaf water repellency â€Å"is measured by calculating the contact angle between a droplet of water and leaf surface†. (p.767) As it is mentioned above, the paper examines three distinct areas and central thesis is that high water repellency is inherent for plants in cloud forest zones as plants are more able to maximize photosynthesis and gas exchange process. Three areas were chosen to test leaf water repellency: Sierra de la Minas, Chiquimula and Colorado. Firstly, leaf water repellency was testified near Sierra de la Minas in lower cloud forest zone. This region is characterized by humid slopes on the windward side and, consequently, slopes on the leeward side. Strong northern winds are prevailing in that region. Night temperatures are about 5-15 degrees all year round. Also, Sierra de la Minas is characterized by variable precipitation – rainy season is observed from May till October. Fogs are more common in dry season, rather than in wet one. Secondly, leaf water repellency was examined in Chiquimula which is situated in 75 km from Sierra de la Minas. Leaves were tested on the leeward side of the region and were selected from dry forests. The precipitation rate is 1050 mm occurring from May till October. The temperature range is 22-26 degrees. Thirdly, water repellency was tested in leaves in Colorado, in particular, near the campus of the University of Colorado. Mainly, Colorado is temperate foothills-grassland zone. Selected species are dormant plants tested in the coldest months. Summing up, all species were chosen from the three distinct regions as they had managed to survive to maturity in their climatic conditions. Researches gathered only leaves which received equal amount of sun light and shade as it would allow more accurate examination. Leaves were dried with filter paper and than were fastened to a wood platform to view the horizontal profile of the leaf. The test aimed at identifying the differences between adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf in terms of water repellency. Holder specifies that â€Å"in the experimental design using nested analysis of variance, species were nested within study sites, leaves were nested within species, and leaf surfaces were nested within leaves†. (p769) The results contradict the initial hypothesis and showed that as leaf water repellency appeared to be higher in tropical dry forests, not in cloud forest ecosystem. Species chosen from Sierra de la Minas region appeared to have the lowest water repellency, whereas species retrieved near the University of Colorado proved to have the highest water repellency. The leaf water repellency appeared to be significantly different in the three distinct regions. Sierra de la Minas’ species differed from those in Colorado and Chiquimula, and water repellency in Chiquimula differed from that in Sierra de la Minas and Colorado. It proves that leaves in different climatic zones can’t have similar water repellency as they have different levels of adaptations. Holder stresses that cloud forests are characterized by reduced capabilities to photosynthesis because of abaxial leaf wetness and constant cloud cover not letting the sun in. Therefore, leaves in this region should develop adaptation capabilities as it would allow maximizing photosynthesis processes in the most humid regions. In cloud forests the productivity of ecosystems is limited. The author concludes that, despite his expectancies, cloud forests aren’t characterized by high leaf water repellency and, therefore, leaves are less able to minimize the water content on their surfaces. As a result, photosynthesis is decreased.   Higher leaf water repellency in Chiquimula and Colorado is related to increased soil moisture and water balance in plants. High water repellency may increase fog precipitation and flow of steam leading to greater hydrological inputs. Summing up, leaf water repellency is plays crucial role in hydrological processes. References Holder, Curtis D. (2007). Leaf Water Repellency as an Adaptation to Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Environment. Biotropica, 39, 6, 767-770.       How to cite Leaf Water Repellency, Essay examples

Construction of Waterview Connection Inherent Ethernet Project

Question: Describe about the Construction of Waterview Connection for Inherent Ethernet Project. Answer: Project context This report aims at addressing the risks at Waterview Connection project underway, it will entail assessing of the risks inherent in the project. The report entails identification of risks, analysis, evaluation and risk treatment. Tom said the risk is the event with uncertainty in its occurrence and the end results are the positive or negative effect on time, cost, quality and the shareholders Terry, 1990, p.128). It is a deviation from the expected result of undertaking the project. The objectives have got various aspects such as health and safety and the aspect of environmental goals achievement. Risk management is the management of threats which are internal and the external affects the completion of the project and hinders success. Technical risks The project seeks to add additional lanes to the west side and east of to provide extra space for motor vehicles at Waterview. There is a need for improving the traffic because of the additional volumes of motorcars. The first option is constructing three lanes in the big tunnel to ease congestion. The construction of the three lanes adds a cost of three hundred and ninety US dollars; benefits derived from this particular activity are less compared to the extra costs that have been incurred. The second option gives more benefit compared the previous option and thus it is necessary to consider for tendering purposes. The cost of the project is estimated to be around 2.77 billion dollars in the year 2015 when the project cost accountant generated the figures. This was inclusive of other costs incurred in contributing funds towards the completion of the project. There were other officials who did an estimation of the overall cost to be 1.89 billion dollars hence there is a rise in the c ost from the earlier due to the change in physical environment and factors affecting the cost. External risks The feedback was obtained on the effects of the proposal impact on the local air quality; it is identified where one hundred and seventy-eight respondents are concerned about the air. Some were concerned about carbon emissions whereas others were concerned about the dust to be specific. Jefferson said there was a concern of individuals particularly on the air quality around the local school/kindergarten (Alex, 2009, p.268). The Phyllis reserve and Waterview Park were highlighted as the main areas to be affected by the sparks with same impacts as in Allan Wood reserve. Loss of Allan Wood reserve is a tragic occurrence as it serves so many families despite the fact that part of it was not zoned as an open space, still the area was important to the community. The project could lead to loss of facilities that are used in educating the community and some local shops. Property acquisition and demolition of people who are affected hence fair compensation is needed to cater for their needs s ince their property was destroyed as a result of the project construction. Organizational risk The risk that people will be affected in a lot of time spent while in the traffic and this will hinder NTZA to achieve what it had outlined in the framework for transport improvement. The congestion is caused by many vehicles accessing the motorway with enlargement of the motorway to handle a huge number of motors. The risk of technology in provision of government services hence it will deliver in facilitating road transport network through the benefit that has been derived. The fall in pollution of air as a result of the quicker movement and better vehicles which are road worthy. New business opportunities are available in the construction of the tunnel; existing businesses will record an increase in revenue and net profit. The results are obtained from responses received from individuals in the community and the body of stakeholders. Maxwell said negotiations of the property are being held where the community and stakeholders were asked whether they support an earlier completion of the Waterview than it was expected (Lukas, 2000, p.156). The effects of the combined water tunnel have been discussed and suggestions to reduce the effects have also been given out. Project management The risk of failure to assess the environmental factors, poor design and poor methodology makes the ARC be concerned about the manner in which the social, economic impacts and environmental have been valued. The committee points out the lack of plans which are fully funded for effective mitigation measures. There are assumptions in the analysis and it includes: accuracy of the data, the project will be completed on time within the given time. Jackson said the checklist analysis is a methodology of risk identification by comparing what has been delivered with the items of checking of compliance (Colmax, 2001, p.199). Diagrams have been used where there is a need for illustration by use of graphs providing a representation of the statistical data collected. The SWOT analysis has been encompassed in the project researching and in this perspective is the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the undertaking of the project. The use of judgment is important to derive a suitable conclusion to the risk occurrence Risk evaluation Qualitative risk evaluation is descriptive and involves extensive work in ratings ad probability hence performance of the risk impact. There will be prioritizing on the risks and they have been arranged in the ranking order according to whether or not they might occur with the magnitude. It gives the perception with speed and enhances easier implementation this type of risk is more easily comprehended by the policy makers since it does not involve mathematical applications. External risk evaluation The qualitative approach has been used to evaluate the media as an external risk where it has conducted research input in the noise assessment in the surrounding of construction site. Individuals living next to the barriers that have already been affected and the community opinions have to be determined when doing a completion of the assessment matrices. After the workshop there is consultations that are done to the community hence the selected options have to be subjected to the confirmation. The recent media releases and key presentations are open to public and this can lead to criticism. The emails and contact details of the construction team have a place set aside for commenting and asking questions via the email link. These forms have got an overview of the information of the methods used in construction and key information regarding the proposed route to follow. James (2004) said there is a description of reasoning as to why the combined tunnel and surface is the best technique /way of doing the job (Harrison, 1985, p.206). Maps of the alignment are well drawn and printed on the feedback form with cross sections outlined. The provision of advice on acquiring additional information by the public is necessary. The transport agency requires a producer statement to be tabled which is a certificate issued by professional Engineer and it shows the conformity of the designs to all peer reviews and requirements that are supposed to be met. Project management risk evaluation The diversities of the people responsible in constructing the tunnel and are associated with activities can lead to differing ideas. The modernity in social and economic systems has made the structural relationships to be cumbersome. There are two dimensions of risks and one is uncertainty hence there is probability of risk not occurring. The other important dimension is on the impact on the risk objectivity thus the effect of the risk. The future development of activities is unpredictable by the company due to lack of proper skills and expertise in that particular field. Data event maybe missing and this brings upon uncertainty in the risk that will be in the project under construction. The measure of vulnerability may assist in generating projects failure due to many factors that are associated with management. Moving away from the plan that the management had initially laid down is a declaration to risk hence there will be incurring of extra costs and the risk manager becomes answ erable as a result. The materialization of risk needs the individual to take responsibility and accept the fact that it is inevitable. There is risk of the developing pressure which occurs inside the project and as well as the economic unit. Elements of a project are faced with risk since each and every project is unique and has different goals that have to be met. Projects under similar statements are evaluated to derive a comparison based on the experiences of other projects. Qualitative risk analysis entails; providing framework of the terms, making the resources available for use and budgeting and finally enhancing that the milestones are achieved. The lack of proper coordination by the respective project manager leads to difficult situations. Technical risk evaluation The data available that have been mined from the project gives uncertainty and hence there is probability of the magnitude of the risk associated with cost of financing the project. A quantitative data have been collected and approximately 1. 90 billion dollars have to be incurred as the overall cost of financing the project. The probability matrix has been applied in qualitative assessment of the risk. There are only two variables which are the components of risk and the risk exposure will be obtained from the product carried out of the two variables. The technique that has been put into use on this risk is assignment of scores for likelihood and the impact of the categories of risks. The impact analysis has high probability hence the risk of cost is the biggest that the project manager is supposed to be keen and pay attention. There is existence medium probability of technical risk occurring and thus it is given a rating of B with a lesser score compared to the previous high probab ility. The iron triangle is used to quantify the magnitude and the effects that these risks have on the overall management process. The other cost objective that is used in evaluation of the risk is known as the golden triangle which provides an importance of identifying the risks. A qualitative method is best placed in obtaining information in relative safer way and it is easily explainable by the stakeholders to the constructors and others. Organization risk evaluation In order to establish a risk management function inherent in an organization we start by assessing this risk because it is the important step to establish a proper risk evaluation. This evaluation begins with definition of the factors that surrounds the risks such as legal and regulatory requirement, strategic risk as well as the cultural risk. Execution and rating of risks is the other second step which entails comparing the cultural risk in the organization with the peoples culture that live in the community. The standardization is carried out by assigning the quantitative factors whenever it is possible to enhance implementation of the cultural risk. The rating scale that is normally numeric is used to quantify the risk which is setting a scale of one up to five in order to rate the possibilities all the way the certainty of the risks occurring. There is adoption of new techniques that will generate effectiveness and enhance more productivity among the workers and thus good flow o f the organization. This will also assist in representation of highly material impact that is material in a unique way. Incorporation of an excel spreadsheet is necessary to enable documentation of the discussions of risk evaluation and analysis and also recording of the risk ratings. Allocation of resources will be efficient through comparison of the ratings to provide an overview of the organization risk to NTZA. The tracking of the use of organization resources is evaluated in order to facilitate effectiveness in their use and be able to carry out review and a detailed procedure. Risk treatment The plan of risk treatment entails a detailed examination of a risk to mitigate where the contractor puts in mind the existence of assumptions. The uncertainties are clearly stated in the area of assessment. The features of risk are potential of losses and whether or not the risk may occur in a given time which is also hard to quantify. In this case, will use the risk in deciding the impact on the health of the people living in the community, use of the currency to quantify the risk and determine the outcome whether there is profit or losses incurred. The completion of the Western Ring route is viewed as the road of national significance. Second reason for treatment is that people are allowed to meet the NTZA and have their questions answered where they were also to give feedback on the proposal. Technical specialists were permitted to attend the open days. Gordon said the venues of these meetings were chosen to the project proximity and ease of access to local residents (Daniel, 2008, p.124). The visual materials used were large scale models of the southern project including the interchanges and which include northern portal hence a large aerial map of the Waterview. The third evaluation is that a written report contains all the risks and a clear analysis which will provide a clear outline of the community and the feedback of the stakeholder. Complains received concerning the NZ transport Authority to construct the Western Ring route is put into consideration. A clean form of the risk treatment is given out to seek comment on the concept of the tunnel for feedback recording. The copies of the brochures should be distributed all over Owairaka, Mt Albert, and Avandale, Open/Information days. Reasons for treatment of the risks It enables reviewing the documents of the project among them being the contract agreement. The techniques that have been adopted in the gathering of information are interviewing the contractors, use of questionnaires, face to face communication. Marion said that through the assistance of the stakeholders there will be a selection of credible design fire scenarios (Jake, 2009, p.326). There are key stakeholders who will be in a position to provide feedback on the project proposal and include: Waitakere city council, Auckland city council, Auckland regional council, Rodney district council, Waterview Kindergarten parent committee among many others. The campaigns are easily conducted through the print and radio media in English and Chinese language which crossed over to the feedback period. The reminder in closing date was part of the advertisement hence the risks are properly dealt with on timely basis. There is a relationship between the health issue and the air quality; the responden ts cited these impacts on mental health, stress levels increased and respiratory illness as a result of increased air pollution, excessive noise and dormancy caused by loss of public open space to exercise. The importance of the risk treatment is that Starr mill has been pointed out as an area of significance in terms of archaeological interests. The design has to be suitable in order for the area to provide opportunities for improvement and access of the site as well. There will be an increase in the number of tourists visiting the site from outside the country and around the word. Conclusion The economy will suffer the risk of high cost before completion of the Waterview Connection by 1.15 including the costs of financing. There are other benefits that are accompanied by the reduction of the pollutants in the surrounding vicinity. The aspect of cost savings is recorded in the documents and saving of time by the new connection. Offset from taxation is notable by the agglomeration benefit. Further delay of the project would lead to an increase in the ratio of benefit/cost for a period of eleven years to 1.8. Other changes that are noted include the reduced operation cost of motor vehicles and clean environment with habitable characteristics given that the carbon emissions are insignificant and noise is minimized. Bibliography Adler, R.J., Feldman, J. K., Taggu, M. S. (1998). A Practical Guide to Heavy Tails: Statistical Techniques and Applications. Boston, Mass Birkhuser publishers London press. https://www.informs-cs.org/wsc99papers/prog99.html. Accessed August 4, 2004. Benjamin, J.R., Cornell, F. L. (1970). Probability, Statistics, and Decision for Civil Engineers. 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