The American epidemic of obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The American scourge of corpulence - Essay Example This article The American plague of corpulence traces the peril of weight, its outcomes and suggestions how to forestall it. The nonattendance of steady strategies in key areas, for example, wellbeing, agribusiness, transport, urban arranging, condition, food preparing and dispersion, advertising and training is likewise a reason for this change. For a companion who is overweight, I would prompt that they change their way of life. They should chop down their admission of ordinary soft drink as it is high in sugar and consequently calories. Diet pop, elective most wellbeing cognizant soft drink buyers pick is likewise answered to contain some counterfeit sugars that have been connected to medical problems, for example, malignant growth and should, in this manner, be stayed away from. I would advocate that they accept new natural product squeezes as they are a lot of lower in calories and have no added substances. They ought to likewise decrease their admission of quick nourishments as quick nourishments are high in calories and fat subsequently adding to overweight and weight. Admission of greens and natural products just as vegetables, entire grains and nuts ought to be expanded as they are low in calories and fat. It would be significant for the companion to improve her physical action and make her eating routine more benefi cial so as to guarantee that her wellbeing isn't in danger. This is on the grounds that corpulence and overweight lead to cardiovascular issues, for example, coronary illness and stroke. When there's a lot of fat in the body, it might obstruct veins prompting an ascent better than average in circulatory strain and may bring about a stroke.

Enhancing Employability Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Improving Employability - Term Paper Example The conceivable impact of IT in business creation is both immediate just as backhanded. Legitimately, IT area can make new business openings and in a roundabout way, the usage of IT by different ventures help to develop the collection of administrations and subsequently motivate the advancement of IT segment. Its backhanded impact is a lot greater contrasted with direct impact. In the USA, it is normal that for every work produced in the IT business, in any event ten further IT-situated work can be created in different enterprises where IT has been actualized. In spite of the fact that the utilization of IT destroys certain particular work concentrated vocations, it can create unmistakably greater business openings. A few organizations, for example, PC preparing, innovative work among others are legitimately related with IT industry (Jacobs, 2008). As indicated by an investigation of National Research Council of the USA, it had been discovered that IT inspiringly affects the advancement of administration industry. The quickest developing parts of administration industry, for example, training, monetary administrations, wellbeing administrations and protection divisions among others are extended with the assistance of adjustment of IT. IT gives benefits towards age of work and upgrades expertise level. A few confirmations determine that IT bolsters towards the improvement of work and generally speaking aptitude headway in the workstation (Jacobs, 2008). The exploration for IT business will be directed based on optional information and essential information. The principle focal point of this exploration will be to comprehend the state of the IT business in the USA and to break down the independent work opportunity in this division. So as to direct the examination, right off the bat, data seeing IT segment patterns, for example, PC deals and incomes in the USA will be gathered, the quantity of work produced by the IT segment will be broke down and at last the information will be sectioned for making a productive finding of the exploration. These information will assist with understanding the state of the IT part and its possibilities for work for graduates or independent work.

22 James Baldwin Quotes on Life, Literature, and Prejudice

22 James Baldwin Quotes on Life, Literature, and Prejudice “You think your pain and your heartbreak are unprecedented in the history of the world, but then you read,” James Baldwin said in 1963 in an interview for LIFE Magazine. There are so many perfect James Baldwin quotes about everything from writing to America that it was difficult to fit them into one post. The American novelist, social critic, and essayist wrote about race, homosexuality, writing, history, and more in his non-fictionâ€"his most famous works including essay collection Notes of a Native Son and long essay and letter to his nephew, The Fire Next Time. Baldwin fictionalized the lives of gay and bisexual African American men in his novels and plays such as Go Tell It On the Mountain and Giovanni’s Room, as well as exploring the urban life of Black Americans in Another Country.   Baldwin lived most of his life after the age of 24 in Paris, disillusioned by American racism and homophobia and hoping to write outside of what seemed like a limiting African-American context. He is one of America’s most important exile writers, and one of its most thoughtful critics.   ON MUSIC “All I know about music is that not many people ever really hear it. And even then, on the rare occasions when something opens within, and the music enters, what we mainly hear, or hear corroborated, are personal, private, vanishing evocations. But the man who creates the music is hearing something else, is dealing with the roar rising from the void and imposing order on it as it hits the air. What is evoked in him, then, is of another order, more terrible because it has no words, and triumphant, too, for that same reason. And his triumph, when he triumphs, is ours.” â€"from  Sonny’s Blues  (1957) ON LIFE “To be sensual, I think, is to respect and rejoice in the force of life, of life itself, and to be present in all that one does, from the effort of loving to the making of bread.”  â€"from  The Fire Next Time (1963) ON LOVE “Love does not begin and end the way we seem to think it does. Love is a battle, love is a war; love is a growing up.”  â€"from  Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son (1961) “Love takes off masks that we fear we cannot live without and know we cannot live within.”  â€"from  The Fire Next Time  (1963) “People cant, unhappily, invent their mooring posts, their lovers and their friends, anymore than they can invent their parents. Life gives these and also takes them away and the great difficulty is to say Yes to life.” â€"from  Giovanni’s Room  (1956) “Everybody’s journey is individual. If you fall in love with a boy, you fall in love with a boy. The fact that many Americans consider it a disease says more about them than it does about homosexuality.” â€"from  Conversations with James Baldwin  (1989) ON PREJUDICE “People who treat other people as less than human must not be surprised when the bread they have cast on the waters comes floating back to them, poisoned.” â€"from  No Name in the Street (1972) “I imagine one of the reasons people cling to their hates so stubbornly is because they sense, once hate is gone, they will be forced to deal with pain.” â€"from  Notes of a Native Son  (1955) “I know what the world has done to my brother and how narrowly he has survived it. And I know, which is much worse, and this is the crime of which I accuse my country and my countrymen, and for which neither I nor time nor history will ever forgive them, that they have destroyed and are destroying hundreds of thousands of lives and do not know it and do not want to know it. One can be, indeed one must strive to become, tough and philosophical concerning destruction and death, for this is what most of mankind has been best at since we have heard of man. (But remember: most of mankind is not all of mankind.) But it is not permissible that the authors of devastation should also be innocent. It is the innocence which constitutes the crime.” â€"from  The Fire Next Time  (1963) “There are so many ways of being despicable it quite makes one’s head spin. But the way to be really despicable is to be contemptuous of other people’s pain.” â€"from  Giovanni’s Room  (1956) ON AMERICA “Well, if one really wishes to know how justice is administered in a country, one does not question the policemen, the lawyers, the judges, or the protected members of the middle class. One goes to the unprotectedâ€"those, precisely, who need the laws protection most!â€"and listens to their testimony. Ask any Mexican, any Puerto Rican, any black man, any poor personâ€"ask the wretched how they fare in the halls of justice, and then you will know, not whether or not the country is just, but whether or not it has any love for justice, or any concept of it. It is certain, in any case, that ignorance, allied with power, is the most ferocious enemy justice can have.” â€"from  No Name in the Street (1972) “I love America more than any other country in the world, and, exactly for this reason, I insist on the right to criticize her perpetually. I think all theories are suspect, that the finest principles may have to be modified, or may even be pulverized by the demands of life, and that one must find, therefore, ones own moral center and move through the world hoping that this center will guide one aright.” â€"from  Notes of a Native Son  (1955) “What one does realize is that when you try to stand up and look the world in the face like you had a right to be here, without knowing that this is the result of it, you have attacked the entire power structure of the Western world.”  â€"from a 1969 talk in London ON HISTORY “To accept one’s pastâ€"one’s historyâ€"is not the same thing as drowning in it; it is learning how to use it. An invented past can never be used; it cracks and crumbles under the pressures of life like clay in a season of drought.” â€"from  The Fire Next Time (1963) “Precisely at the point when you begin to develop a conscience, you must find yourself at war with your society.” â€"from “A Talk for Teachers,” 1963 ON POVERTY “Anyone who has struggled with poverty knows how extremely expensive it is to be poor.” â€"from  Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son (1961) ON CHANGE “Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.”  â€"from  The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings  (2010) ON RELIGION “If the concept of God has any validity or any use, it can only be to make us larger, freer, and more loving. If God cannot do this, then it is time we got rid of Him.”  â€"from  The Fire Next Time (1963) ON WRITING “I consider that I have many responsibilities, but none greater than this: to last, as Hemingway says, and get my work done.”  â€"from  Notes of a Native Son  (1955) “One writes out of one thing onlyâ€"ones own experience. Everything depends on how relentlessly one forces from this experience the last drop, sweet or bitter, it can possibly give. This is the only real concern of the artist, to recreate out of the disorder of life that order which is art.” â€"from  Notes of a Native Son  (1955) ON BOOKS “You read something which you thought only happened to you, and you discover that it happened 100 years ago to Dostoyevsky. This is a very great liberation for the suffering, struggling person, who always thinks that he is alone. This is why art is important. Art would not be important if life were not important, and life is important.”  â€"from “An interview with James Baldwin” (1961)

Laughter Improves Health Essay example - 2974 Words

Laughter is an essential human phenomenon. Smiling in response to pleasant physical conditions occurs in early development, usually in the first month of life. As a motor reflex, laughter is usually present by the time a child is 4 months old. By the age of eighteen months, a child smiles once every six minutes, and by four years of age, the rate increases to one smile every one and one-third minutes. The ratio of laughs to smiles increases from one laugh to every ten smiles as eighteen months to one every three smile at four years. The individual differences in the rate of both laughing and smiling become greater as the children grow older. (Stearns, 1972) The instinctual development of smiling and laughing occurs very†¦show more content†¦The causes of laughter can be divided into three main groups. One manifestation is laughter as a reflex, such as due to ticking. Another is as a psychosomatic response prompted by a specific stimulus. This is an informative st imulus such as a word, sentence, gesture, action, recollection, situation, etc. This requires the involvement of perception, learning, and memory. This reaction may or may not be terminated voluntarily. The third is again a psychosomatic response, but is differentiated because it is not caused by an adequate informative stimulus and can be terminated voluntarily. Within this categorization, there are different types of laughter: mirthful laughter, pathological laughter, etc. Mirthful laughter, a lesser studied, but highly interesting type will be the focus of this discussion. A commonly held belief is that mirthful laughter and humor result in positive physical, psychological, and social fitness. With such a expansive area of influence, it is difficult to understand how such laughter influences the body. Laughter in healing Studies of the physiology of mirthful laughter, scientifically known as gelotology, are a fairly recent phenomenon. Descriptions of convalescence through positive emotional states have renewed interest in the healing potential of mirthful laughter. Norman Cousins accounts of the therapeutic effects of laughter during his treatment and recovery from ankylosing spondylitisShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech1183 Words   |  5 PagesSpeech Title: Laughter is the best medicine. Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the benefits of laughter. Central Idea/ Thesis statement: There are several benefits of laughter in terms of physical, mental and social. Introduction 1. Attention Material How we can improve our health without having a drug or doing an exercise every day? While it hears seem impossible, Id like to let all of you know about this fact. Based on your knowledge, what is laughter? AccordingRead MoreBackground: Humor, Laughter And Play Have Been Therapeutic1162 Words   |  5 PagesBackground: Humor, laughter and play have been therapeutic interventions used on pediatric patients for many years. More recently, the use of humor has shown to improve adult patient, outcomes as well. Humor therapy is a complimentary intervention that is used either with or in place of traditional medicine. Benefits of therapeutic humor include biological, and psychological. Humor therapy has also shown to improve nurse-patient relationships and communication. Purpose: The purpose of this studyRead MoreLaughter Is An Essential Part Of Life1370 Words   |  6 Pagesscience and art dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease† (â€Å"Medicine†). The definition of â€Å"medicine† creates a large gray area in which many items can fall into this category. Therefore, laughing falls into this category as a medicine. Laughter is an essential part of life and has been linked to promote a healthy state of mind and a healthier physical state in humans. What exactly is laughter? Laughter is the body s physiological response to thingsRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Laughter Therapy890 Words   |  4 PagesLaughter Therapy: A Potential Cure to Stressful Living There is an increasing interest in the use of alternative therapy methods compared to those that are more traditional. Various studies have been conducted on laughter and its effects on human health and emotions. Laughter therapy, also known as humor therapy, is one form of therapy that has recently grown in the media and the medical world has even introduced it into some treatment programs. It does not require any specialized preparations andRead MoreLaughter Is the Best Medicine730 Words   |  3 PagesINFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE Topic: Is Laughter Truly the Best Medicine? General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience three main reasons on ï » ¿how can laughter be the best medicine for human ï » ¿ being - physical Health Benefits Thesis statement:  Laughter help trigger the release of endorphins, protect us against heart attack, and relaxes our muscles. Introduction:   Laughter is a great thing, thats why weve all heard the saying, Laughter is the best medicine. There is strongRead MoreBenefits Of Laughter As Medicine1483 Words   |  6 PagesUsing Laughter as Medicine There are thousands of medicines ranging from the modern medicines to those medicines that are not necessarily commonplace, hence the name alternative medicine. The question arises around the idea of what exactly â€Å"medicine† is. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines medicine as â€Å"the science that deals with preventing, curing, and treating diseases†. So with this vague definition what should be considered medicine? I say that laughter is definitely a medicine because ofRead MoreLaughter Is the Best Medicine1282 Words   |  6 PagesLaughter IS The Best Medicine Post written by Dayne. Follow him on Twitter. 20 Happy Comments Be Proud. Laugh Out Loud. Have you laughed lately? If not, get out of your serious self and loosen up. Laughter is a powerful tool for combating stress and conflict.   It can dissipate anger, sadness and other negative emotions.   In addition to making you feel good, laughter can improve your health and make your relationships with others closer and stronger.   There are a wide variety of benefits toRead MoreHumor, Humor And Laughter1607 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The term humor can refer to a stimulus, which is intended to produce a humorous response (such as a humorous video), a mental process (perception of amusing incongruities) or a response (laughter, exhilaration).† (11) Laughter is the most common reaction to humor. (11) Both humor and laughter can be valuable assets in the medical field. Medical staff can use humor to make unpleasant routines easier for the patient, to form a positive relationship with the patient, (1) and to gain cooperation inRead MoreWhat is Laughter Yoga?923 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is laughter yoga? Laughing for no reason is the crucial foundation of the laughter yoga. It helps the individual develop a feeling of childlike playfulness, release the stress, enhance immune system, and induce positive thoughts and feelings. Dr. Madan Kataria, the founder of laughter yoga claimed that our body cannot distinguish between the genuine and fake laughter. Hence, though the individual simply laughing without any humors or funny pictures through the unique laughter exercises, theRead MoreUsing Laughter as Medicine696 Words   |  3 PagesUsing Laughter as Medicine The saying â€Å"laughter is the best medicine† is one that many people know. But is this actually true? Can laughter be used as a form of curing the body? With three out of four adults claiming to laugh four or more times a day (Polaroid Corp, 2004) it is something that is obviously easy to do, and of which the answer to the time old question of whether or not it is the best medicine, might surprise many skeptics out there. To laugh is defined as: â€Å"to express certain

alcohol and advertising Essay - 627 Words

Alcohol and Advertising Throughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about alcohol advertising. Does advertising influence alcohol consumption? Does it has an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? How is advertising affecting us? The goal of this essay is to collect evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that would address the question of whether advertising affects in any measurable manner alcohol consumption and mortality from alcoholism and alcohol related disease. The alcohol and advertising industries argue that as alcoholic drink is a legal product it should be legally possible for it to be advertised, and that bans on alcohol advertising would have adverse effects on the†¦show more content†¦These studies keep coming and find nothing because they set themselves up to find nothing. ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Abramson 1) Saffer research ¡K ¡K Much of the debate concerns the possible effects on children and young people. The Advertising Codes prohibit the specific targeting of minors, but the ubiquity of alcohol advertising ensures that it can hardly be missed by them. Indeed, the evidence is that even young children are aware of alcohol advertisements and tend to remember them. (Mackiln 251-252)  ¡Ã‚ §The American Academy of Pediatrics ¡Ã‚ ¨ shows a recent study of the impact of television on children and teenagers: „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;American children view over 23 hours of television per week. „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Teenagers view an average of 21 to 22 hours of television per week. „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By the time todays children reach age 70, they will have spent to 10 years of their lives watching television.  ¡Ã‚ §The American Academy of Pediatrics ¡Ã‚ ¨ states that television advertising influence education and conduct of children and adolescents. They believe that  ¡Ã‚ §time spent watching TV could be better spent on constructive activities. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Some other statistics that are shown are: „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;American children have viewed an estimated 360,000 advertisements on television before graduating from high school. „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;America children view nearly 2,000 beer and wineShow MoreRelatedOverview of Alcohol Advertising Essay2476 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In terms of business, advertising is a type of marketing communication that is used to encourage, persuade or manipulate groups of people to take some action or continue with the actions that they were taking (Percy, 2008, p. 82). In majority of cases, the outcome that is sought to influence the actions of the customer in terms of profitable contribution even though other forms are also popular (Hansen and Christensen, 2007, p. 82). This particular type of work is in a category thatRead MoreStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers3305 Words   |  14 PagesStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers 1. Gender Messages in Alcohol Advertising Stereotypes refer to standardize and simplified conception of groups, based on some prior assumptions. For example, a girl might not choose to be an engineer as most of the people have set their minds that the profession is always a guy. This is what we call stereotyping. But, who says a girl cannot be an engineer? According to the Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, NinthRead MoreAlcohol Advertising: the Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesLinzay Workman Advanced Composition Rose Bunch Paper 3: Literature Review Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? The question, Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking? seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversialRead More Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay example1079 Words   |  5 Pages Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The question, â€Å"Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking?† seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversial with several factors weighing in such as religionRead MoreWhy Advertising Alcohol Is Destroying Public Well Being1897 Words   |  8 PagesVanwormer C.P. Reading Writing 6 May 2016 Why Advertising Alcohol Is Destroying Public Well-Being When I was nine years old, I remember seeing the most delectable, mouthwatering commercial on television. It was for beer. Growing up in a family that did not drink, I never thought beer could look so appetizing. The beverage was everywhere I looked—except for in my own fridge. Not only adults, but kids and teens everywhere are being bombarded with alcohol advertisements. Many of these youths choose toRead MoreAlcohol Advertising Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their productsRead MoreAlcohol Advertising Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol Advertising Millions of Americans suffers from the effects of alcohol and drug abuse. It can shatter lives, brake families, and to rob people of their dreams for the future. Once alcoholism or drug addiction begins, an individuals problems not only dont go away, but their mental well being as well as physical ability continues to diminish from the immediate and long-term adverse effects from the drugs and alcohol abuse. Is it really true that advertising increases alcohol consumptionRead MoreEssay on Alcohol Advertising1655 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their productsRead MoreEthics in Alcohol Advertising3960 Words   |  16 Pagesbeyond the mere provision of information about a product may seek to manipulate our values and behavior. The aim of this literature is to evaluate the ethical aspects of marketing particularly alcohol marketing. To find out how advertisements manipulate people, the likelihood between the awareness of alcohol marketing and influence on young people drinking behaviour and what is government doing to resolve this issue. Ethics Ethics often is a frustrating subject. This is not because people are resistantRead MoreAlcohol Marketing and Advertising25059 Words   |  101 PagesAlcohol Marketing and Advertising A Report to Congress September 2003 Federal Trade Commission, 2003 Timothy J. Muris Chairman Mozelle W. Thompson Commissioner Orson Swindle Commissioner Thomas B. Leary Commissioner Pamela Jones Harbour Commissioner Report Contributors Janet M. Evans, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Jill F. Dash, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Neil Blickman, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of

Leaf Water Repellency Free Essays

Cloud forests are characterized by photosynthetic capacity which may be increased by reduced water retention of the leaf. The reason is that carbon dioxide diffuse air faster than water. The article â€Å"Leaf Water Repellency as an Adaptation to Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Environment† by Curtis D. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaf Water Repellency or any similar topic only for you Order Now Holder examines lead water repellency in three ecosystems of Guatemala: a tropical dry forest, tropical montane cloud forest and temperate foothills-grassland zone. The author’s hypothesis that cloud forest zones are characterized by higher leaf water repellency failed to be proved as leaf water repellency appeared to be higher in tropical dry forests and temperate foothills- grassland zone. Water repellency is defined as adaptation on the surface of the leaf in habitants which are constantly subjected to daily precipitations during the period of active growth. Holder assumes that leaf water repellency is lower in open-meadow habitants than in dry forest habitants simply because dew formations are occurring faster. Moreover, water repellency of any leaf is driven, primarily, by physiological factors. In wet zones the plants are claimed to be selected due to their water shedding abilities as they have to able to defend their stomatal pores and to enhance photosynthesis abilities after fog interception. Decrease in water repellency may result in increased disease rates, although it doesn’t affect selective traits. Holder argues that it is natural selection that predetermined water repellency on leaf surface in cloud forest zones. Fog droplets negatively affect water repellency as they prevent gas exchange in plants. In such a way, photosynthetic carbon exchange is prevented by fog droplets as carbon dioxide diffuse air faster than water. Leaves with high water repellency minimize the leaf surface and promote the beading of water assisting gas exchange processes. In cloud forest zones, high leaf water repellency increase photosynthesis efficiency. Holder stresses that leaf water repellency â€Å"is measured by calculating the contact angle between a droplet of water and leaf surface†. (p.767) As it is mentioned above, the paper examines three distinct areas and central thesis is that high water repellency is inherent for plants in cloud forest zones as plants are more able to maximize photosynthesis and gas exchange process. Three areas were chosen to test leaf water repellency: Sierra de la Minas, Chiquimula and Colorado. Firstly, leaf water repellency was testified near Sierra de la Minas in lower cloud forest zone. This region is characterized by humid slopes on the windward side and, consequently, slopes on the leeward side. Strong northern winds are prevailing in that region. Night temperatures are about 5-15 degrees all year round. Also, Sierra de la Minas is characterized by variable precipitation – rainy season is observed from May till October. Fogs are more common in dry season, rather than in wet one. Secondly, leaf water repellency was examined in Chiquimula which is situated in 75 km from Sierra de la Minas. Leaves were tested on the leeward side of the region and were selected from dry forests. The precipitation rate is 1050 mm occurring from May till October. The temperature range is 22-26 degrees. Thirdly, water repellency was tested in leaves in Colorado, in particular, near the campus of the University of Colorado. Mainly, Colorado is temperate foothills-grassland zone. Selected species are dormant plants tested in the coldest months. Summing up, all species were chosen from the three distinct regions as they had managed to survive to maturity in their climatic conditions. Researches gathered only leaves which received equal amount of sun light and shade as it would allow more accurate examination. Leaves were dried with filter paper and than were fastened to a wood platform to view the horizontal profile of the leaf. The test aimed at identifying the differences between adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf in terms of water repellency. Holder specifies that â€Å"in the experimental design using nested analysis of variance, species were nested within study sites, leaves were nested within species, and leaf surfaces were nested within leaves†. (p769) The results contradict the initial hypothesis and showed that as leaf water repellency appeared to be higher in tropical dry forests, not in cloud forest ecosystem. Species chosen from Sierra de la Minas region appeared to have the lowest water repellency, whereas species retrieved near the University of Colorado proved to have the highest water repellency. The leaf water repellency appeared to be significantly different in the three distinct regions. Sierra de la Minas’ species differed from those in Colorado and Chiquimula, and water repellency in Chiquimula differed from that in Sierra de la Minas and Colorado. It proves that leaves in different climatic zones can’t have similar water repellency as they have different levels of adaptations. Holder stresses that cloud forests are characterized by reduced capabilities to photosynthesis because of abaxial leaf wetness and constant cloud cover not letting the sun in. Therefore, leaves in this region should develop adaptation capabilities as it would allow maximizing photosynthesis processes in the most humid regions. In cloud forests the productivity of ecosystems is limited. The author concludes that, despite his expectancies, cloud forests aren’t characterized by high leaf water repellency and, therefore, leaves are less able to minimize the water content on their surfaces. As a result, photosynthesis is decreased.   Higher leaf water repellency in Chiquimula and Colorado is related to increased soil moisture and water balance in plants. High water repellency may increase fog precipitation and flow of steam leading to greater hydrological inputs. Summing up, leaf water repellency is plays crucial role in hydrological processes. References Holder, Curtis D. (2007). Leaf Water Repellency as an Adaptation to Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Environment. Biotropica, 39, 6, 767-770.       How to cite Leaf Water Repellency, Essay examples

Construction of Waterview Connection Inherent Ethernet Project

Question: Describe about the Construction of Waterview Connection for Inherent Ethernet Project. Answer: Project context This report aims at addressing the risks at Waterview Connection project underway, it will entail assessing of the risks inherent in the project. The report entails identification of risks, analysis, evaluation and risk treatment. Tom said the risk is the event with uncertainty in its occurrence and the end results are the positive or negative effect on time, cost, quality and the shareholders Terry, 1990, p.128). It is a deviation from the expected result of undertaking the project. The objectives have got various aspects such as health and safety and the aspect of environmental goals achievement. Risk management is the management of threats which are internal and the external affects the completion of the project and hinders success. Technical risks The project seeks to add additional lanes to the west side and east of to provide extra space for motor vehicles at Waterview. There is a need for improving the traffic because of the additional volumes of motorcars. The first option is constructing three lanes in the big tunnel to ease congestion. The construction of the three lanes adds a cost of three hundred and ninety US dollars; benefits derived from this particular activity are less compared to the extra costs that have been incurred. The second option gives more benefit compared the previous option and thus it is necessary to consider for tendering purposes. The cost of the project is estimated to be around 2.77 billion dollars in the year 2015 when the project cost accountant generated the figures. This was inclusive of other costs incurred in contributing funds towards the completion of the project. There were other officials who did an estimation of the overall cost to be 1.89 billion dollars hence there is a rise in the c ost from the earlier due to the change in physical environment and factors affecting the cost. External risks The feedback was obtained on the effects of the proposal impact on the local air quality; it is identified where one hundred and seventy-eight respondents are concerned about the air. Some were concerned about carbon emissions whereas others were concerned about the dust to be specific. Jefferson said there was a concern of individuals particularly on the air quality around the local school/kindergarten (Alex, 2009, p.268). The Phyllis reserve and Waterview Park were highlighted as the main areas to be affected by the sparks with same impacts as in Allan Wood reserve. Loss of Allan Wood reserve is a tragic occurrence as it serves so many families despite the fact that part of it was not zoned as an open space, still the area was important to the community. The project could lead to loss of facilities that are used in educating the community and some local shops. Property acquisition and demolition of people who are affected hence fair compensation is needed to cater for their needs s ince their property was destroyed as a result of the project construction. Organizational risk The risk that people will be affected in a lot of time spent while in the traffic and this will hinder NTZA to achieve what it had outlined in the framework for transport improvement. The congestion is caused by many vehicles accessing the motorway with enlargement of the motorway to handle a huge number of motors. The risk of technology in provision of government services hence it will deliver in facilitating road transport network through the benefit that has been derived. The fall in pollution of air as a result of the quicker movement and better vehicles which are road worthy. New business opportunities are available in the construction of the tunnel; existing businesses will record an increase in revenue and net profit. The results are obtained from responses received from individuals in the community and the body of stakeholders. Maxwell said negotiations of the property are being held where the community and stakeholders were asked whether they support an earlier completion of the Waterview than it was expected (Lukas, 2000, p.156). The effects of the combined water tunnel have been discussed and suggestions to reduce the effects have also been given out. Project management The risk of failure to assess the environmental factors, poor design and poor methodology makes the ARC be concerned about the manner in which the social, economic impacts and environmental have been valued. The committee points out the lack of plans which are fully funded for effective mitigation measures. There are assumptions in the analysis and it includes: accuracy of the data, the project will be completed on time within the given time. Jackson said the checklist analysis is a methodology of risk identification by comparing what has been delivered with the items of checking of compliance (Colmax, 2001, p.199). Diagrams have been used where there is a need for illustration by use of graphs providing a representation of the statistical data collected. The SWOT analysis has been encompassed in the project researching and in this perspective is the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the undertaking of the project. The use of judgment is important to derive a suitable conclusion to the risk occurrence Risk evaluation Qualitative risk evaluation is descriptive and involves extensive work in ratings ad probability hence performance of the risk impact. There will be prioritizing on the risks and they have been arranged in the ranking order according to whether or not they might occur with the magnitude. It gives the perception with speed and enhances easier implementation this type of risk is more easily comprehended by the policy makers since it does not involve mathematical applications. External risk evaluation The qualitative approach has been used to evaluate the media as an external risk where it has conducted research input in the noise assessment in the surrounding of construction site. Individuals living next to the barriers that have already been affected and the community opinions have to be determined when doing a completion of the assessment matrices. After the workshop there is consultations that are done to the community hence the selected options have to be subjected to the confirmation. The recent media releases and key presentations are open to public and this can lead to criticism. The emails and contact details of the construction team have a place set aside for commenting and asking questions via the email link. These forms have got an overview of the information of the methods used in construction and key information regarding the proposed route to follow. James (2004) said there is a description of reasoning as to why the combined tunnel and surface is the best technique /way of doing the job (Harrison, 1985, p.206). Maps of the alignment are well drawn and printed on the feedback form with cross sections outlined. The provision of advice on acquiring additional information by the public is necessary. The transport agency requires a producer statement to be tabled which is a certificate issued by professional Engineer and it shows the conformity of the designs to all peer reviews and requirements that are supposed to be met. Project management risk evaluation The diversities of the people responsible in constructing the tunnel and are associated with activities can lead to differing ideas. The modernity in social and economic systems has made the structural relationships to be cumbersome. There are two dimensions of risks and one is uncertainty hence there is probability of risk not occurring. The other important dimension is on the impact on the risk objectivity thus the effect of the risk. The future development of activities is unpredictable by the company due to lack of proper skills and expertise in that particular field. Data event maybe missing and this brings upon uncertainty in the risk that will be in the project under construction. The measure of vulnerability may assist in generating projects failure due to many factors that are associated with management. Moving away from the plan that the management had initially laid down is a declaration to risk hence there will be incurring of extra costs and the risk manager becomes answ erable as a result. The materialization of risk needs the individual to take responsibility and accept the fact that it is inevitable. There is risk of the developing pressure which occurs inside the project and as well as the economic unit. Elements of a project are faced with risk since each and every project is unique and has different goals that have to be met. Projects under similar statements are evaluated to derive a comparison based on the experiences of other projects. Qualitative risk analysis entails; providing framework of the terms, making the resources available for use and budgeting and finally enhancing that the milestones are achieved. The lack of proper coordination by the respective project manager leads to difficult situations. Technical risk evaluation The data available that have been mined from the project gives uncertainty and hence there is probability of the magnitude of the risk associated with cost of financing the project. A quantitative data have been collected and approximately 1. 90 billion dollars have to be incurred as the overall cost of financing the project. The probability matrix has been applied in qualitative assessment of the risk. There are only two variables which are the components of risk and the risk exposure will be obtained from the product carried out of the two variables. The technique that has been put into use on this risk is assignment of scores for likelihood and the impact of the categories of risks. The impact analysis has high probability hence the risk of cost is the biggest that the project manager is supposed to be keen and pay attention. There is existence medium probability of technical risk occurring and thus it is given a rating of B with a lesser score compared to the previous high probab ility. The iron triangle is used to quantify the magnitude and the effects that these risks have on the overall management process. The other cost objective that is used in evaluation of the risk is known as the golden triangle which provides an importance of identifying the risks. A qualitative method is best placed in obtaining information in relative safer way and it is easily explainable by the stakeholders to the constructors and others. Organization risk evaluation In order to establish a risk management function inherent in an organization we start by assessing this risk because it is the important step to establish a proper risk evaluation. This evaluation begins with definition of the factors that surrounds the risks such as legal and regulatory requirement, strategic risk as well as the cultural risk. Execution and rating of risks is the other second step which entails comparing the cultural risk in the organization with the peoples culture that live in the community. The standardization is carried out by assigning the quantitative factors whenever it is possible to enhance implementation of the cultural risk. The rating scale that is normally numeric is used to quantify the risk which is setting a scale of one up to five in order to rate the possibilities all the way the certainty of the risks occurring. There is adoption of new techniques that will generate effectiveness and enhance more productivity among the workers and thus good flow o f the organization. This will also assist in representation of highly material impact that is material in a unique way. Incorporation of an excel spreadsheet is necessary to enable documentation of the discussions of risk evaluation and analysis and also recording of the risk ratings. Allocation of resources will be efficient through comparison of the ratings to provide an overview of the organization risk to NTZA. The tracking of the use of organization resources is evaluated in order to facilitate effectiveness in their use and be able to carry out review and a detailed procedure. Risk treatment The plan of risk treatment entails a detailed examination of a risk to mitigate where the contractor puts in mind the existence of assumptions. The uncertainties are clearly stated in the area of assessment. The features of risk are potential of losses and whether or not the risk may occur in a given time which is also hard to quantify. In this case, will use the risk in deciding the impact on the health of the people living in the community, use of the currency to quantify the risk and determine the outcome whether there is profit or losses incurred. The completion of the Western Ring route is viewed as the road of national significance. Second reason for treatment is that people are allowed to meet the NTZA and have their questions answered where they were also to give feedback on the proposal. Technical specialists were permitted to attend the open days. Gordon said the venues of these meetings were chosen to the project proximity and ease of access to local residents (Daniel, 2008, p.124). The visual materials used were large scale models of the southern project including the interchanges and which include northern portal hence a large aerial map of the Waterview. The third evaluation is that a written report contains all the risks and a clear analysis which will provide a clear outline of the community and the feedback of the stakeholder. Complains received concerning the NZ transport Authority to construct the Western Ring route is put into consideration. A clean form of the risk treatment is given out to seek comment on the concept of the tunnel for feedback recording. The copies of the brochures should be distributed all over Owairaka, Mt Albert, and Avandale, Open/Information days. Reasons for treatment of the risks It enables reviewing the documents of the project among them being the contract agreement. The techniques that have been adopted in the gathering of information are interviewing the contractors, use of questionnaires, face to face communication. Marion said that through the assistance of the stakeholders there will be a selection of credible design fire scenarios (Jake, 2009, p.326). There are key stakeholders who will be in a position to provide feedback on the project proposal and include: Waitakere city council, Auckland city council, Auckland regional council, Rodney district council, Waterview Kindergarten parent committee among many others. The campaigns are easily conducted through the print and radio media in English and Chinese language which crossed over to the feedback period. The reminder in closing date was part of the advertisement hence the risks are properly dealt with on timely basis. There is a relationship between the health issue and the air quality; the responden ts cited these impacts on mental health, stress levels increased and respiratory illness as a result of increased air pollution, excessive noise and dormancy caused by loss of public open space to exercise. The importance of the risk treatment is that Starr mill has been pointed out as an area of significance in terms of archaeological interests. The design has to be suitable in order for the area to provide opportunities for improvement and access of the site as well. There will be an increase in the number of tourists visiting the site from outside the country and around the word. Conclusion The economy will suffer the risk of high cost before completion of the Waterview Connection by 1.15 including the costs of financing. There are other benefits that are accompanied by the reduction of the pollutants in the surrounding vicinity. The aspect of cost savings is recorded in the documents and saving of time by the new connection. Offset from taxation is notable by the agglomeration benefit. Further delay of the project would lead to an increase in the ratio of benefit/cost for a period of eleven years to 1.8. Other changes that are noted include the reduced operation cost of motor vehicles and clean environment with habitable characteristics given that the carbon emissions are insignificant and noise is minimized. Bibliography Adler, R.J., Feldman, J. K., Taggu, M. S. (1998). A Practical Guide to Heavy Tails: Statistical Techniques and Applications. Boston, Mass Birkhuser publishers London press. https://www.informs-cs.org/wsc99papers/prog99.html. Accessed August 4, 2004. Benjamin, J.R., Cornell, F. L. (1970). Probability, Statistics, and Decision for Civil Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers American press. https://www.genevaassociation.org/media/219919/ga1982_gp7%2823%29. Accessed November 3, 2001. Breyfogle, F. W. (1999). Implementing Six Sigma: Smarter Solutions Using Statistical Methods. New York: John Wiley and Sons publishers Texas press. https://www.researchgate.net/.../222762747_A_classified_bibliography_of Accessed January 17, 2003. Burlington, Richard S., Donald C. M. (1953). Handbook of Probability and Statistics with Tables. Sandusky, Ohio: Handbook Publishers, New York press. https://www.amazon.com/Risk...Management-Bibliography. Accessed June 9,199. Norman, Y.E. (1996). PDRI: Project Definition Rating Index, Industrial Projects. The Construction Industry Institute, Implementation Resource . Jersy publishersVermellin press. https: //court.herve.pagesperso-orange.fr/Bibliography. Accessed February 20, 2000 Adler, R.J., Feldman, R. E. (1998). A Practical Guide to Heavy Tails: Statistical Techniques and Applications. Boston, Mass.: Birkhuser Publishers Bayern press. Benjamin, J.R., Allan, C. C. (1970). Probability, Statistics, and Decision for Civil Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill publishers America press. Works cited Mark, N. D. (1996). Project Definition Rating Index and Industrial Projects. The Construction Industry Institute, Implementation Resource Jet publishers London press. Flyvbjerg, B. L., Holm, S. B. (2002). Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects: Error or Lie? Journal of the American Planning Association New York Publishers American press. Ford, D., J. Sterman. (2003). Overcoming the 90% Syndrome: Iteration Management in Concurrent Development Projects. Engineering Research and Applications Hilltop publishers the time's press. Greenberg, H.R., Cramer, J. J. (1991). Risk Assessment and Risk Management for the Chemical Process Industry. New York Cambridge Mass Press.

The Virtual Tutoring Owl

Introduction The Virtual Tutoring Owl is a product that has come when it is most needed. The Virtual Tutoring Owl, is founded by, Educational Concepts Inc., located at 2400 Calculus Blvd, Knowledge Rock, MD. Our company has chosen the test marketing area of Prince George County, a growing affluent county in Maryland. However, despite its affluent growing population, it has a declining under achieving school system.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Virtual Tutoring Owl specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Our in depth research shows that this is a unique situation, that has created a need for the school system to implement a tool that can drastically help improve their students performances. Introducing the Virtual Tutoring Owl, in that area will aid the school system and parents with a much needed supplement to enhance student’s academic performance. Research indicates that students learn more with online tutoring systems and intelligent systems than by using the paper and pencil format. This means that this product has been developed to fill the learning gap needed and also to supplement traditional teaching(Beins, 2004). The Virtual Tutoring Owl has been designed follow the trends of recent past of technological products. It has been constructed to mimic in design devices like the ipad or smartphones which are already familiar with the targeted clients. This will also give the product a more likely acceptance in the market place. This report will show the demand and necessity of the Virtual Tutoring Owl, based on the analysis of situational and external factors in the chosen test market area of PG County, MD school system. Purpose and Mission The purpose of this product is to introduce a supplemental educational device that will assist students in homework, hence achieving better test scores, without attending a traditional sit-in tutoring class. The product’s appeal is that it is: durable, wireless, less time consuming, user friendly, and lastly fun to use because it is voice activated and yields voice responses. The product reduces the amount of time that students would otherwise spend in going for after class tutorials. This is important as some students do not learn much from these after class tutorials as in most cases they are normally already tired. Classes are tiring to the mind. Therefore, if one is to have an after class learning session; it should be fun to the student to benefit him or her. The device also saves time for parents who have to look for a credible tutor and inspect the tutors past in order to establish their credibility. The product thus kills two birds with one stone. Apart from time, the product also save the client money in the long term as they will not have to keep paying the tutor who normally demand regular payments that may be inconveniencing to the parent. Buying this product which has a price range $150-200 do llars, will include all the basic subjects like Math, English, Communication and others learnt by students in the school and also be onetime payment opposed to the regular payments demanded by the traditional tutors.Advertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The product is also advantageous since it is portable, durable, wireless, convenient and computer friendly. Since computers are a big part of our lives, it would be beneficial for the students to learn using this product which will help them to become computer literate(Beins, 2004). Situational Analysis Current Product What is the Virtual Tutoring Owl? The product is a hand held voice activated device which is meant to assist students in their studies and in the process make the learning process easier and more fun. It is portable, easy to carry around, convenient, and yet affordable. Its database will have all major subject taught at public elementary, middle and high schools. Therefore, the product will have the ability to assist students in most any homework study situation and makes it even more convenient. The device can also help the student store questions in the device which he or she may ask during class. This gives students learning aids that help them capture every moment in the learning process (Krugman, 2009). How Does the Virtual Tutoring Owl Work? The Virtual Tutoring Owl is operated by speaking into the device, which also can be operated by hand application. The operator chooses a subject such as math, then sub category algebra. The student asks the device the equation. The equation is then displayed on the screen. Now, the virtual tutor will proceed to help assist the operator along with the answer, yet not automatically giving the answering. It will talk the students through the question step by step, asking rational questions, and confirming correct assumptions to help the students s olve problems for themselves. As an incentive, the Virtual owl has a unique built in feature that motivates students to use it frequently and longer. For every 30 minutes of use, the student earns 10 minutes of game time if they have 3 correct answers in any subject at the end of the session. (Krugman, 2009) Therefore, it will help pupils learn more, without feeling it is a chore. This will also make parents happier to know their children are spending more time studying, which is a goal of most parents. Target Market As an onset point, the product is going to target majorly in a rising affluent income area, where parents are seeking to save time, but still can afford to give quality education to their children (Blanchard, 2008). The marketing strategy to introduce the Virtual Tutoring Owl, in the Prince George County, is simply to find an area where it is most needed and fill it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Virtual Tutoring Owl specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Demographics of Test Area Educational Concepts Inc., research shows that, the county has a unique socio-economic status and has great potential for launching the product in that area. According to Blanchard, the census bureau 2011, it is the 70th most affluent county in the nation per capita and the wealthiest county in the nation for Afro-Americans. The population in the area is well structured with a good number being in schools. Prince George’s County has a population with over 300,000 people and it has the third largest school system in the state. Yet, it has one of the lowest student performances rating in the country. This disparity gap has been created from a progressive transitioning of the status quo from earlier years in 90’s. In the past, the county had a high crime and poverty rate. However, since 2004, white collar workers have migrated to the area, and there have been decreases in crime an d the poverty rate. However, somehow the educational system has not keep up with the growing increase in the rise of the community. This may also be due to, high turnover rate of the schools superintendent (Blanchard, 2008). Marketing Strategy However, the increasing demands for higher scholastic achievement from the pressures of parents, school boards and teachers are still ongoing. If students do not achieve the minimum standards on state test, it will greatly reduce funding for schools in the county among other problems in the community. Studies have shown, in an area where the median household is $71,000 dollars, and 36 percent have bachelor degrees, the concern for a better school system is greatly in demand. It has caused some families to relocate or enroll their children in private schools. However, our organization understands that it is the concern of all parents, regardless of income status to have a competitive standard performing school system. Therefore, the Virtual Tut oring Owl will be made affordable, and collaborations will be made with the school system based on the family’s income, to either supplement, or partially reimburse parents for purchasing the Virtual Tutoring Owl. In addition it will be marketed for its likeable attributes. It is hand held, voice activated and portable as a cell phone. Therefore, it will be tagged as the ’’hip or cool† device to own, in which is a major concern among youths. Our organization anticipates by introducing the Virtual Tutoring Owl to schools and parents in the PG County area, it will be a very beneficial profitable venture (Blanchard, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the product will first target elementary, middle and high school students. This is because of the ease to inculcate the syllabus at these stages of learning. Students of these ages are most affected by the traditional learning process of tutoring, therefore giving the product good launch target in its take off stages. To be relevant, the product had to focus on the portion of the market that needed it the most which is the learning stages mentioned above. The product also targets parents seeking to save time and money but still give quality education to their students (Blanchard, 2008). Distributor Network The target distribution network will be in two segments. First it will be sold through a wholesale-retail-consumer format. The product will be delivered to all big boxes stores and big electronic stores the product and enable its development. The price range will be 150- 200 dollars (Krugman, 2009). Secondly, the company will collaborate with the school district directly to have them introduce it to parents and students. This device will be out sourced to be manufactured. This way the product will have maximum potential to be as competitive as possible. Competitors The products competitors include smart phones, online tutoring services and the traditional tutoring services. The competing edge against the smart phones is the lack of regulation that comes with smart phones. Parents are not able to monitor the contents being viewed by their children using the smart phone. This gives Virtual Tutoring Owl a competing edge since Virtual Tutoring Owl is all educational. The traditional tutors are an expensive option in the long term in both financial and time terms. The competing edge against online tutoring services is the tempting view of non-educational views like pornography. This means that the product stands at a good position in the competition edge (Krugman, 2009). Profitability The ability for the product to make a good profit margin will depend on the market uptake. Speculation is that the market especially where the product is launched is an affluent area meaning they have a huge purchasing power. According to a sample survey conducted in The PG County area by CFO Melvin Blount, out of 48 participants, 37 felt their child would have interest in a hand held learning tool, 36 felt their child needed academic help, 41 felt their child would have interest in a cell phone device, 33 would purchase it if recommend by their child’s school, 43 would purchase it if the school reimbursed their purchase, and 32 would be willing to pay between $150- 200 dollars for the product. Analyzing this survey report shows that the Virtual Tutoring Owl will be well received by its audience. If the tutoring device is successful in help raising the student’s performances, this could be used to enhance marketing for the product in other areas to widen the potential of making sales nationally. By using an aggressive marketing campaign , such as big scale advertising and collaborations with school districts, a key component in turning this product into a potentially very profitable venture. A narrow manufacturing cost and a widened marketing which will lead to increased sales and therefore increased revenue will ensure a profit margin (Blanchard, 2008). Market Expenses Market expenses would include the amount of money spent in promoting the product through the media and in the distribution. The product since it is a new product will require a lot of marketing and advertising in order to be known by the consumers. The product will need introduction to the consumers and therefore marketing in almost all forms of media for good results will be necessary. This marketing would include use of billboards, TV adverts, the radio and also the newspapers. Taking the product for review will also give it a good attention and thus promotion. This means a lot of market expenditure for the new product (Krugman, 2009). For a more detail look at marketing expenditures, find the attached financial report. External Forces Cultural Factors The ethnical background of the population is also going to provide the product with a positive edge. It is important to note that the area has a relatively mixed racial residence and has a 59% African-American population, and therefore if any common cultural factors in terms of ethnicity arise, at that time it will be addressed. However, because it is a common technology, and universally used, there should be no need for cultural adaptations to the product. The area has a good technological intake and therefore gives Virtual Tutoring Owl an ease in the adaptation process. Most of students residing in PG County are already employing technology in their education process and as such are at a good position to partake this new technology. (Blanchard, 2004) The higher quality life style perhaps gives them a common cultural Legal Regulatory The legal environment for the product is r anging fare. There is no legal barrier that the product faces which will give it ease in the marketing stage. Technology has been well taken by the government and has been a part of life nowadays. This means that the development of Virtual Tutoring Owl will receive a positive acceptance legally. Conclusion Educational Concepts Inc. believes that the Virtual Owl is an innovative technological product that will have a great positive influence in the education sector. The test area chosen gives the product marketing edge because it will be launched in an area of great demand for increased educational achievement. If the public accepts the concept of the Virtual Tutoring Owl, the company plans to expand into more broad fields such as SATs testing and colleges and universities. Our company feels that we tapped into the heart of what make students attentive in their studies. Learning needs to be fun, innovative and intriguing in order for students to retain and maintain progressive learni ng status. It has been our company’s mission to not only build an affordable device that will generate a high profit margin, but also give back to the education community, by making donations from sales to improve our schools. Educational Concepts Inc., feels that Virtual Tutoring Owl is an unique product, and is highly anticipated to be well received by the public, and therefore being a profitable venture. References Beins, B. (2004). Research Methods: a tool for life. Michigan: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Blanchard, O. (2008). Macroeconomics. California: Pearson Hall. Krugman, R. W. (2009). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers. This research paper on The Virtual Tutoring Owl was written and submitted by user Mekh1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Important Is Vocabulary for the New SAT

How Important Is Vocabulary for the New SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying hundreds of fancy words from big lists has long been a mainstay of SAT prep. But with the redesigned SAT focusing on medium-level words in the context of passages, do you still need to drill yourself on little-used vocab words? Before you expend superfluous energy to bolster your cognizance of recondite terminology (or waste time learning lots of obscure words), read this guide to learn whatvocabulary you need for the new SAT. First, what changes are being made to the SAT in terms of vocabulary? Changes in the New 2016 SAT The first and most apparent change in the redesigned SAT is the elimination of sentence completion questions. Gone are the stand-alone sentences with one or two blanks asking you to "choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole." Instead, the new vocabulary questions are passage-based. They refer to a line within a passage and ask what a word or idiom meansin context.This is a big difference from sentence completion-style questions, so what does this change mean in terms of the skills being tested? With sentence completions, you pretty much had to know the straight definition of complex wordsin order to answer them correctly. The sentence indicated a definition, so you either had to know which word it was referring to or be able to eliminate the other four answer choices. You couldn't rely on too many context clues to figure it out. This is where your studying of SAT Word of the Day and vocabulary lists would kick in and help you fill in the blanks. With the new passage-based questions, you're asked to interpret the meaning of a medium-level word in context. The word may be familiar to you, but it can have different meanings or connotations depending on how it's used. On these types of questions, all of the answers may be correct as definitions of the term being considered. Only one answer choice, though, will be correct for the term as it's being used in that particular context. As you can tell, this is a big departure from sentence completions. It calls upon different skills and a different approach to studying vocabulary. Before discussing how you can adjust your test prep, let's look at a couple examples that illustrate these changes. Does all this change make cents? Old SAT Vocabulary Questions The old SAT had 19 sentence completion questions which tested traditional SAT vocabulary terms. The following is a typical example. There is no doubt that Larry is a genuine -: he excels at telling stories that fascinate his listeners. (A) braggart(B) dilettante(C)pilferer(D) prevaricator(E) raconteur This sentence indicates the definition of the vocabulary word: a person who excels at telling fascinating stories. You either have to know that "raconteur" means just that, or you have to know thatthe other choices don't fit that definition and use process of elimination to get to (E). If you don't know these words and their definitions, you're left having to make a wild guess. The new SAT, on the other hand, usually doesn't feature such difficult words. Let's take a look. Redesigned SAT Vocabulary Questions The new SAT asks about words as they occur within the context of the passage. You probably don't use "prevaricator" and "raconteur" all that often in daily conversation. The words on the new SAT are meant to have broader utility in college and professional life. According to College Board, the new SAT emphasizes "the meaning of words in extended contexts and on how word choice shapes meaning, tone, and impact." They give the following example (this is an excerpt from a longer passage): "...The coming decades will likely see more intense clustering of jobs, innovation, and productivity in a smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions. Some regions could end up bloated beyond the capacity of their infrastructure, while others struggle, their promise stymied by inadequate human or other resources." As used in line 55, "intense" most nearly means... (A) emotional(B) concentrated(C) brilliant(D) determined Based on this example, you can immediately see the difference in the vocabulary's level of difficulty. You can also see how all of those answer choices could be correct interpretations of "intense"- depending on its context, it could mean emotional, concentrated, brilliant, or determined. Only (B) concentrated, however, works within this passage, as intense is being used to describe the "clustering of jobs...in a smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions." Rather than calling upon your knowledge of a word's definition, this question asks you to glean meaning and connotation from the context of a passage. Did you notice any other differences in this question? It only has four answer choices, instead of five. These improved odds, plus the fact that the new SAT has no penalty for wrong answers, means you should always make your most informed guess on all the questions. Some other medium-level difficulty words that might be tested on the new SAT include "alleviate, consistent, synthesis, empirical, coincide, congenial, indelible, discord, occur, mention, emerge, admit, perform, fortunate, require, and maintain." Even if you think you know all these words, is there a way you can study them to be better prepared for SAT vocab questions? What Do These Changes Mean for Your Studying? Given these changes, do you still need to study vocabulary for the new SAT in 2016? I would still highly recommend studying vocabulary, but in a different way. You can forget about those lists of "2,000 SAT vocabulary words" (phew!) and focus on "multiple-meaning" words of medium-level difficulty. The key thing to remember is that these words might have different meanings in different contexts, so you want to ensure that you understand each word in all of its dimensions and applications. You can do this by finding a word used in several example sentences, rather than just one, as well as noting how vocabulary words are used when you readbooks, articles, and the news. The New York Times Word of the Day Learning Blog has a useful tool that lets you find all the articles in which a term shows up. While many of the words they feature apply better to the old SAT, you can use that idea of finding terms in many different sources to enhance your understanding of it. There are also several other sites that are helpful for studying these words in various contexts, like Quizlet and ProfessorWord. Plus, incorporating them into your own writing is the best way to fully grasp how their meaning is affected by word choice and usage. Since these changes closely resemble the ACT, you can also check PrepScholar's list of the 150 most commonly tested ACT words. College Board and Khan Academy have sample practice questions for the new SAT. Finally, when using older practice materials, I would recommend focusing on the passage-based questions, especially the ones that point to a specific word or phrase. Generally speaking, you can forget about the sentence completions. Overall, what are the most important takeaways from the changes that were made to the SAT? The Gist of Vocabulary Changes The following are the most important points to remember about vocabulary questions on the new SAT: Sentence completions are gone. New questions focus on moderate-level words that may have different meanings in different contexts, like "intense." To prepare, you should focus on learning how words are used in different contexts, along with how you can gather context clues to determine the meaning of a word. Check out sample questions for the new SAT and make sure you understand the changes that are being made. This will help you adjust your studying and not waste time focusing on material that's no longer relevant. Plus, studying vocabulary based on context will help you improve your overall writing, reading, and communication skills, which will be extremely helpful for high school, college, and beyond. What's Next? Besides vocabulary questions, what else is changed on the new SAT? Read about all the changes and what it means for your test prep in our full guide to the redesigned SAT in 2016. In addition to learning about the changes, figure out what these changes mean for your studying. Read all about how to study for the new SAT here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Personal Statement for Nursing School Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For Nursing School - Personal Statement Example This made it possible for me to experience directly some of the situations that nurses have to deal with whether good or bad as I was close to my two nurses who are nurses. Nevertheless, the first time I seriously considered committing myself to the nursing industry was when I was going to college and had to make a choice of the particular course that I wanted to enrol for. I decided to pursue this career path without any additional thought or exploration. Consequently, I decided that I would pursue my interests in nursing fully and put all my efforts to it. Before I arrived at the decision to pursue a career in nursing, I got a chance to shadow my two aunties and some of their colleagues through their interaction with patients. These experiences allowed me to have an idea of the different fields that exist in the hospital such as cardiology, pathology and radiology among others. The time that I spent with these nurses emotionally strengthened the experiences that I had initially heard my aunties talk about. The ability they had to assist people and influence their lives excited me especially the fact that every patient presented a new challenge and a chance to further develop knowledge in the field of nursing. As I was growing up, I observed my grandmother who had to live with us because he suffered from diabetes and I developed the constant need to assist her in any way possible. The visits to the hospitals where my aunts worked gave me a chance to sit in the staff room and listen to the different doctors and nurses talk after their rounds in the hospital. I always listened attentively to their conversations that interested me and was amazed at the capacity they had to diagnose different illnesses. Since I had had a chance to experience personal interactions between medical practitioners including nurses with a patient in the case of my grandmother, I recognized the importance of the relationship between the nurses and the patients. Nurses are supposed to

Discrimination based on disease status Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination based on disease status - Essay Example As a result, they will hide their conditions from the public in order to avoid such discrimination. This is not only disadvantageous to them but to the wider society as well. For instance, if an individual understands that he has contracted the deadly Ebola virus, he is likely to keep this information to himself for fear of discrimination, in the end, the person may end up infecting more people, thereby affecting the entire society. It is important that person who suffer from such conditions are not be viewed as a danger to society but instead handled with love and given the support needed. In this series for instance, in reference to the Zombies, Vicar Oddie, a member of the church in Roarton village, says that the government was putting back the dangerous friends into the community. Although such people may appear dangerous, it is important for the society to embrace them and look for ways of helping them. In handling people with such conditions however, great care needs to be take n to prevent further infections. Morally, the idea of discrimination based on disease in indefensible. This is based on three important points. First, such discrimination is in violation of individual justice. Discrimination based on health conditions is just as bad as discrimination based on things such as skin color, gender and religion. In this sense, people are treated unfairly not because of the mistakes of their own making but because of conditions they have no control over. It is obvious that such people are unjustly treated in the society.

Practical Applications Of Transformer

Practical Applications Of Transformer Abstract- Generating power is possible in few stations. The power is generated then has to transmit to the various parts of the country. Large power should be transmitted on very high voltage to reduce the amount of copper material and increase the transmission efficiency. Hence the energy generated is transformed twice, thrice, or even four times before utilized. Such transformation of ac from one voltage to another is done by transformer. DISCOVERY The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831. The relationship between electromotive force or voltage and magnetic flux was formalized in an equation now referred to as Faradays law of induction. This law states that whenever there is a relative motion between the coil and magnet emf is induced in the coil. The induced emf lasts so long as magnetic flux linked with the coil changed. The induced emf is directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil. Where, ÃŽÂ ¦B is the magnetic flux through the circuit. Fig.1: Faradays experiment with induction between coils of wire TRANSFORMER A electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. Fig.2: Structure of Transformer PRINCIPLE The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce a induced magnetic field by varying with time and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil. Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil. The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faradays law of induction, which states that: Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil and ÃŽÂ ¦ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic flux density B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals. Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltage. CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER Steps are: Coil Winding Core Assembly Core-Coil Assembly Tank-up Transformer Tank Painting and Finishing Fig. 3: Transformer showing each part 1. CONSERVATOR: a) Check the oil level in the conservator. If the level is low than the optimum mark indicated on the oil level gauge, it should be topped with proper grade of transformer oil having suitable breakdown voltage value. b) The tightness of the cap/plug of the oil filler pipe, drain plug or drain valve should be checked. The oil level gauge of the conservator should always be kept clean so that the oil level is visible from a short distance. Fig.4: Conservator 2. BUCHHOLZ RELAY: a) the observation glasses should show that the buchholz relay is properly filled with oil. If necessary, bleeding can be done from the two cocks. The drain plug should be tight and no leaking should be there. b) The cover on the connection chamber should be opened to observe whether connections are properly tight. 3. SHUT OFF VALVE: This should always be in fully open position while the transformer is being energized. 4. BREATHER: a) The plug at the end of the breather pipe is to be removed and breather fitted on to the pipe along with the fly nut. b) It is necessary before fitting the breather to observe the color of the silica gel. If necessary, the breather should be opened and the silica gel properly dried up so that its color is perfectly bluish. c) The chamber at the bottom of the breather should be filled in with dry transformer oil up to the level marked. Fig.5: Showing Tank in oil 5. DIAL TYPE THERMOMETER: If it is provided with alarm and trip contacts, these should be set to proper temperature before energizing the transformer. For guidance purposes, it may be mentioned here that a transformer having temperature rise of 45/55 °C, the trip contact should be set at ambient temperature plus 45 °C and the alarm contact will be 5 ° 10 ° prior to this. 6. WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: This will be set in the same way as the dial type thermometer excepting that the trip contact should be set at ambient temperature plus 55 °C. 7. MARSHALLING BOX: The windows of the marshalling box should always be kept clean so that the readings of the oil temperature indicator and winding temperature indicator can be easily read from outside. Some dehydrating agent may be kept inside the marshalling box so that the box is kept always in dry condition. Do not keep the Dorr of marshalling box open. It must be locked. 8. EXPLOSION VENT: a) In case an equalizer pipe connection is provided, the valve in the pipe should be kept in open position before the transformer is energized. b) If the explosion vent is provided with an air release device, this should be opened once to release any pressure generated inside and then it should be closed. c) The diaphragm of the vent should be intact. 9. BUSHINGS: To prevent sparking bushings are used when wires at low voltage and transformers wire at high voltage are connected. Fig.6: Showing Bushings 10. COOLANT: Fig.7:Coolant High temperatures will damage the winding insulation. Small transformers do not generate significant heat and are cooled by air circulation and radiation of heat. Power transformers rated up to several hundred kVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling, sometimes assisted by fans. In larger transformers, part of the design problem is removal of heat. Some power transformers are immersed in transformer oil that both cools and insulates the windings. The oil is a highly refined mineral oil that remains stable at transformer operating temperature. Indoor liquid-filled transformers must use a non-flammable liquid, or must be located in fire resistant rooms. Air-cooled dry transformers are preferred for indoor applications even at capacity ratings where oil-cooled construction would be more economical, because their cost is offset by the reduced building construction cost. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER 1. ON THE BASIS OF TRANSFORMATON RATIO: A) Step-up transformers A step-up transformer allows a device that requires a high voltage power supply to operate from a lower voltage source. The transformer takes in the low voltage at a high current and puts out the high voltage at a low current. Transformers only work with alternating current. Using direct current will create a magnetic field in the core but it will not be a changing magnetic field and so no voltage will be induced in the secondary coil. Using a step up transformer to increase the voltage does not give you something for nothing. As the voltage goes up, the current goes down by the same proportion. The power equation shows that the overall power remains the same. P=V x I Power = Voltage x Current Fig.8: Step up Transformer Electricity is first produced at the power plants. Electricity is then sent to step-up transformers where low-voltage electricity is changed to high voltage to facilitate the transfer of power from the power plant to the customer. Voltage must be increased so that the electric current has the push it needs to efficiently travel long distances. From the step-up transformer, transmission lines carry the high voltage electric current long distances through thick wires mounted on tall towers that keep the transmission lines high above the ground. Insulators made of porcelain or polymers are used to prevent the electricity from leaving the transmission lines. B) Step-down transformers A step-down transformer allows a device that requires a low voltage power supply to operate from a higher voltage. The transformer takes in the high voltage at a low current and puts out a low voltage at a high current. A step down transformer has less turns of wire on the secondary coil, which makes a smaller induced voltage in the secondary coil. It is called a step down transformer because the voltage output is smaller than the voltage input. If the secondary coil has half as many turns of wire then the output voltage will be half the input voltage. Decreasing the voltage does not decrease the power. As the voltage goes down, the current goes up. Fig.9: Step Down Transformer 2. ON THE BASES OF WINDINGS: A) Core type transformer: Fig.10: Core Transformer B) Shell type transformer: Fig.11: Shell type transformer 3. ON THE BASES OF SERVICE: A) Power transformer: Power transformers are used in transmission network for voltage ratings of (440kv, 220kv, 110kv, 66Kv) and are generally rated above 200MVA. Power transformer generally operated at full load. Hence, it is designed such that copper losses are minimum. B) Distribution Transformers: Distribution Transformers are used in (33 kV, 11kv, 6.6 kV) voltage levels in Distribution network and are generally rated less than 200 MVA. A distribution transformer is always online and operated at loads less than full load for most of time. Hence, it is designed such that core losses are minimum. IDEALTRANSFORMER The idealizations are as follows: 1. Magnetic circuit is linear and has infinite permeability. The consequence is that a vanishingly small current is enough to establish the given flux. Hysteresis loss is negligible. As all the flux generated confines itself to the iron, there is no leakage flux. 2. Windings do not have resistance. This means that there are no copper losses, nor there is any ohmic drop in the electric circuit. LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 98%. All transformers have copper and core losses. 1. Copper loss: Copper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the windings. Copper loss, in watts. Copper Loss I2P RP+ I2S RS Where IP = primary current IS = secondary current RP = primary winding resistance RS = secondary winding resistance 2. Core loss: A) Hysteresis losses Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected. B) Eddy currents Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made from such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its entire length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and inverse square of the material thickness. Mechanical losses In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power. Stray losses Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformers support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat. There are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field, but these are usually small. EFFECIENCY WHAT CAUSE LOSSES 1. Due to the large value for the permeance ( ÃŽÂ ¼r of the order of 1000 as compared to air) the magnetizing current requirement decreases dramatically. This can also be visualized as a dramatic increase in the flux produced for a given value of magnetizing current. 2. The magnetic medium is linear for low values of induction and exhibits saturation type of non-linearity at higher flux densities. 3. The iron also has hysteresis type of non-linearity due to which certain amount of power is lost in the iron (in the form of hysteresis loss), as the B-H characteristic is traversed. 4. Most of the flux lines are confined to iron path and hence the mutual flux is increased very much and leakage flux is greatly reduced. 5. The flux can be easily directed as it takes the path through steel which gives great freedom for the designer in physical arrangement of the excitation and output windings. 6. As the medium is made of a conducting material eddy currents are induced in the same and produce losses. These are called eddy current losses. To minimize the eddy current losses the steel core is required to be in the form of a stack of insulated laminations. APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMER 1. Instrument transformers Instrument transformers comprise a large category of current and potential transformers for various voltage, frequency and physical size ranges. We have broken them up into several different groupings: low voltage, which are system voltages under 15kV; high frequency, operating frequency over 1kHz; and size ranges from board mount parts up to current transformers with window sizes of 254mm by 610mm. Read through the different types we supply below and use our Instrument Fig. 12: Instrument transformer 2. Potential Transformers: Used primarily in a step down environment to monitor voltage. They are designed for connection line-to-line or line-to-neutral in the same manner as ordinary voltmeters. The secondary voltage bears a fixed relation with the primary voltage so that any change in potential in the primary circuit will be accurately reflected in the meters or other devices connected across the secondary terminals. Potential transformers can be used with voltmeters for voltage measurements or they can be used in combination with current transformers for watt-meter or watthour meter measurements. They are used also to operate protective relays and devices, and for many other applications, Since they are used in a monitoring capacity, they generally require much greater accuracy in design. Fig. 13: Potential transformer 3. Metering Toroidal Current Transformers: Traditional, window type current transformers for measuring 50-400HZ currents of 5A to 15000A with secondaries of 0.1A, 1A and 5A (special secondary currents are available). Burden: B 0.1 through 1.8 (2.5VA to 50 VA) with Accuracy class: 0.2 to class 5.0 as per IEC 185 or class 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 as per ANSI C 57.13. Inside diameters of up to 8.00. Many models are available as U.L. recognized devices. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ UPS systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transfer switches à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motor-generator sets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commercial sub-metering, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 3 CT s in one package for 3-phase metering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Accurate measuring for metering/WATT/VAR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Current sensing, recording, monitoring control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Control panels and drives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Standard CT used as measuring standard for comparison à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Winding temperature indicator (WTI) for power transformers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Summation current transformers. Fig.14: . Metering Toroidal Current Transformers Large Frame Current Transformers For measuring 50-400HZ currents in bus bar and other large conductor systems. Typical configuration is 400A to 12000A primary current with secondary of 1A or 5A Inside areas as small as 3.00 X 7.00 and as large as 7.00 X 27.00 and 10.00 X 24.00. All models are available with optional mounting plates for bulk-head mounting. Some models are U.L. recognized devices. 4. Split-Core Current Transformers This type of current transformer is available to measure AC currents from 100A to 600A, at 50 to 400HZ. They are very popular in sub-metering applications where existing systems are being upgraded and it is impractical to isolate the primary conductor. It is even possible to install this type of transformer while the conductor is energized, however it is paramount that certain safety precautions be followed under such conditions. Rectangular in shape, standard split-core models are available with window dimensions up to 4.00 X 7.50. Even larger, custom designed sizes are available by special order. Secondary ratings of 5A, 1A, and 100ma are all common in split-core current transformers. Two model groups are available, SP and SPS. The former is provided with a stainless steel screw-clamp band securing the two core halves; the latter has a UV resistant nylon band. All ratios are available in either type. Electrical and magnetic performance is identical for the two groups. Fig.15: Split-Core Current Transformers 5. Miniature Current Transformers These are constructed using one of the following methods: Plastic casing, Resin casted, Resin dipped, Tape insulated,. Typical turns ratio: 4000 : 1 to 500 : 1 and Accuracy: Class 0.1 to Class Applications include: Fig.15: Split-Core Current Transformers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Energy meters for accurate current measurement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Current control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Current signature of motors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Load sensing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ground fault sensing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring of process parameters à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ AC level to logic conversation bar graph à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As a transducer in instrumentation 6. Relay Class Protection Current Transformers This type of CT includes oil-immersed bussing and Resin molded versions. Primary current range from 5 Amp to 5000 Amp with secondary current 5A, 1A , or 01.A. Typical Burden B 0.1 through B 4.0 (2.5VA to 50 VA more) and Accuracy Class As per ANSI C 57.13 and IEC 185. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Protection relays/Relay panels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Earth fault protection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bussing type, oil-immersed CT in power transformer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Control panes and switch boards à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Air/Gas circuit breakers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motor control cubicles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Power control centers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bus bar protection systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Differential protection systems Fig.16: Relay Class Protection Current Transformers 7. Medium voltage Instrument Transformers These are used with a system voltage 3.3kV to 25kV and BIL 4.5 to 125 full wave crest kV. They are reliably constructed using vacuum cast with epoxy resin/polyurethane resin and are able to withstand heavy fault conditions but are not made for exposure to sunlight.. Single CTs can be built with multiple cores; for example one for measuring and another for relaying are possible. Also multitap secondaries can be provided (up to 4). Typical primary current 5 Amp to 3000 Amp and secondary current 5A/1A/01.A. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Metering and Relaying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Energy meter panels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Medium voltage switch gears and control panels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Medium voltage circuit breakers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motor Control Panels Fig.17: Medium voltage Instrument Transformers 8. PC mount 50 to 400Hz Current Transformers These offer a small footprint for the design engineer looking to sensor current on board. They can also be used for Metering Class (Burden from B O.1 to B 1.8 with accuracy class from 0.3 to 2.4 as per customer requirement. (As per ANSI C 57.13 and IEC 185) and for Relay Class Burden from B 1.0 to B 4.0 and relay voltage class from C 10 to C 400 or T200 as per customer requirement. (As per ANSI C 57.13 and IEC 185) Secondary current range from 0.1 to 5 amp. Typical constructions are plastic casing or resin molded. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sensing current overload à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ground fault detection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Metering PC mount 2OkHz to 2OOkHz Current Transformers These are used for measuring high frequency primary currents up to 15 Amps with primary to secondary isolated to 2500 VAC and have optimum performance over designated current and frequency ranges. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Isolated current feed-back signal in switch mode power supplies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motor current load/overload à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lighting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switch controls à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ultra-sound current à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High resolution sonar current à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Isolated bi-directional current sensor with full wave bridge Fig.18: PC mount 50 to 400Hz Current Transformers 9. Air core transformers : Another kind of special transformer, seen often in radio-frequency circuits, is the air core transformer. (Figure below) True to its name, an air core transformer has its windings wrapped around a nonmagnetic form, usually a hollow tube of some material. The degree of coupling (mutual inductance) between windings in such a transformer is many times less than that of an equivalent iron-core transformer, but the undesirable characteristics of a ferromagnetic core (eddy current losses, hysteresis, saturation, etc.) are completely eliminated. It is in high-frequency applications that these effects of iron cores are most problematic. Fig.19: Air core transformers Air core transformers may be wound on cylindrical (a) or toroidal (b) forms. Center tapped primary with secondary (a). Bifilar winding on toroidal form (b). The inside tapped solenoid winding, (Figure (a) above), without the over winding, could match unequal impedances when DC isolation is not required. When isolation is required the over winding is added over one end of the main winding. Air core transformers are used at radio frequencies when iron core losses are too high. Frequently air core transformers are paralleled with a capacitor to tune it to resonance. The over winding is connected between a radio antenna and ground for one such application. The secondary is tuned to resonance with a variable capacitor. The output may be taken from the tap point for amplification or detection. Small millimeter size air core transformers are used in radio receivers. The largest radio transmitters may use meter sized coils. Unshielded air core solenoid transformers are mounted at right angle s to each other to prevent stray coupling. Stray coupling is minimized when the transformer is wound on a toroid form. (Figure (b) above) Toroidal air core transformers also show a higher degree of coupling, particularly for bifilar windings. Bifilar windings are wound from a slightly twisted pair of wires. This implies a 1:1 turns ratio. Three or four wires may be grouped for 1:2 and other integral ratios. Windings do not have to be bifilar. This allows arbitrary turns ratios. However, the degree of coupling suffers. Toroidal air core transformers are rare except for VHF (Very High Frequency) work. Core materials other than air such as powdered iron or ferrite are preferred for lower radio frequencies. 10. Tesla Coil: One notable example of an air-core transformer is the Tesla Coil, named after the Serbian electrical genius Nikola Tesla, who was also the inventor of the rotating magnetic field AC motor, polyphase AC power systems, and many elements of radio technology. The Tesla Coil is a resonant, high-frequency step-up transformer used to produce extremely high voltages. One of Teslas dreams was to employ his coil technology to distribute electric power without the need for wires, simply broadcasting it in the form of radio waves which could be received and conducted to loads by means of antennas. The basic schematic for a Tesla Coil is shown in Figure below. Fig.20: Tesla coil Tesla Coil: A few heavy primary turns, many secondary turns. The capacitor, in conjunction with the transformers primary winding, forms a tank circuit. The secondary winding is wound in close proximity to the primary, usually around the same nonmagnetic form. Several options exist for exciting the primary circuit, the simplest being a high-voltage, low-frequency AC source and spark gap: (Figure below) System level diagram of Tesla coil with spark gap drive. The purpose of the high-voltage, low-frequency AC power source is to charge the primary tank circuit. When the spark gap fires, its low impedance acts to complete the capacitor/primary coil tank circuit, allowing it to oscillate at its resonant frequency. The RFC inductors are Radio Frequency Chokes, which act as high impedances to prevent the AC source from interfering with the oscillating tank circuit. The secondary side of the Tesla coil transformer is also a tank circuit, relying on the parasitic (stray) capacitance existing between the discharge terminal and earth ground to complement the secondary windings inductance. For optimum operation, this secondary tank circuit is tuned to the same resonant frequency as the primary circuit, with energy exchanged not only between capacitors and inductors during resonant oscillation, but also back-and-forth between primary and secondary windings. Tesla Coils find application primaril y as novelty devices, showing up in high school science fairs, basement workshops, and the occasional low budget science-fiction movie. It should be noted that Tesla coils can be extremely dangerous devices. Burns caused by radio-frequency (RF) current, like all electrical burns, can be very deep, unlike skin burns caused by contact with hot objects or flames. Although the high-frequency discharge of a Tesla coil has the curious property of being beyond the shock perception frequency of the human nervous system, this does not mean Tesla coils cannot hurt or even kill you! I strongly advise seeking the assistance of an experienced Tesla coil experimenter if you would embark on building one yourself. 11. Linear Variable Differential Transformer: A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) has an AC driven primary wound between two secondarys on a cylindrical air core form. A movable ferromagnetic slug converts displacement to a variable voltage by changing the coupling between the driven primary and secondary windings. The LVDT is a displacement or distance measuring transducer. Units are available for measuring displacement over a distance of a fraction of a millimeter to a half a meter. LVDTs are rugged and dirt resistant compared to linear optical encoders. Fig.21: LVDT The excitation voltage is in the range of 0.5 to 10 VAC at a frequency of 1 to 200 KHz. A ferrite core is suitable at these frequencies. It is extended outside the body by an non-magnetic rod. As the core is moved toward the top winding, the voltage across this coil increases due to increased coupling, while the voltage on the bottom coil decreases. If the core is moved toward the bottom winding, the voltage on this coil increases as the voltage decreases across the top coil. Theoretically, a centered slug yields equal voltages across both coils. In practice leakage inductance prevents the null from dropping all the way to 0 V. With a centered slug, the series-opposing wired secondarys cancel yielding V13 = 0. Moving the slug up increases V13. Note that it is in-phase with with V1, the top winding, and 180o out of phase with V3, bottom winding. Moving the slug down from the center position increases V13. However, it is 180o out of phase with with V1, the top winding, and in-phase wit h V3, bottom winding. Moving the slug from top to bottom shows a minimum at the center point, with an 180o phase reversal in passing the center. Acknowledgment